Clean Air (Human Rights) Bill [HL] (HL Bill 17)

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Clean Air (Human Rights) Bill [HL]Page 10

(e)rectification at source, which means that environmental damage
should, as a priority, be remedied at its source;

(f)integration, which means that environmental protection requirements
should be integrated into the definition and implementation of all
5policies and activities, in particular with a view to promoting
sustainable development;

(g)conservation of the ecosystem structure and functioning, in order to
maintain ecosystem services;

(h)anticipation, prevention or minimisation of the causes of climate
10change and mitigation of its adverse effects; and

(i)sustainability, which means to take into account the health of present
generations and the needs of future generations.

17 Interpretation

In this Act—

  • 15“the Aarhus Convention” means the Convention on Access to
    Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to
    Justice in Environmental Matters, adopted on 25 June 1998;

  • in Schedule 3, “AOT40” is the accumulated amount of ozone over the
    threshold value of 40 parts per billion;

  • 20“the clean air enactments” are those enactments listed in Schedule 6 as
    amended from time to time;

  • “indoor air” refers to the quality of air in buildings;

  • “limits” means the concentrations, emissions or exposures set out in
    Schedules 1 to 4;

  • 25“pollutants causing primarily environmental harm” includes those
    causing acidification, eutrophication, haze or smog as listed in
    Schedule 3;

  • “national authorities” has the meaning given in section 1;

  • “long-term” means a period of time of a calendar year or more;

  • 30“medium-term” means a period of time of more than 24 hours and less
    than a calendar year;

  • “short-term” means a period of time less than or equal to 24 hours; and

  • “units” are the maximum permitted mathematical mean for the averaging
    period defined.

18 35Extent, commencement and short title

(1) This Act extends to England and Wales only.

(2) This section and sections 1, 2, 4 to 10, 15 and 16 come into force on the day this
Act is passed.

(3)All other sections come into force on such day as the Secretary of State may by
40regulations made by statutory instrument appoint.

(4)This Act may be cited as the Clean Air (Human Rights) Act 2020.

Clean Air (Human Rights) Bill [HL]Page 11

SCHEDULES

Section 1

Schedule 1 Pollutants relating to local and atmospheric pollution

1Pollutant concentrations

PollutantUnitAveraging period
Black carbon6 μg/m324 hours (35 permitted
exceedances each year)
 3 μg/m31 year
Benzene (C6H6)3.5 μg/m31 year
101, 3 Butadiene2.25 μg/m31 year
Formaldehyde
(HCHO)		8.6 μg/m31 year
Ground-level ozone
(O3)		240 μg/m3 (alert
threshold)		1 hour
 15180 μg/m3
(information
threshold)		1 hour
 100 μg/m3Running 8 hours (10
permitted exceedances
20each year)
Lead0.25 μg/m31 year
Nitrogen dioxide
(NO2)		200 μg/m31 hour (18 permitted
exceedances each year)
 40 μg/m31 year

Clean Air (Human Rights) Bill [HL]Page 12

PollutantUnitAveraging period
Particulate matter
(PM1,
PM2.5 and PM10)		PM1: 18.5 μg/m324 hours (35 permitted
exceedances each year)
 PM1: 7.5 μg/m31 year
 PM2.5: 100 μg/m3 (alert
level)		5Running 8 hours
 PM2.5: 25 μg/m324 hours (35 permitted
exceedances each year)
 PM2.5: 10 μg/m31 year
 PM10: 50 μg/m31024 hours (35 permitted
exceedances each year)
 PM10: 20 μg/m31 year
Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons
15expressed as
concentration of
benzo(a)pyrene		0.25 ng/m31 year
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)500 μg/m310 minutes (24
permitted
20exceedances each year)
 20 μg/m324 hours (3 permitted
exceedances each year)

2Pollutant exposures

PollutantUnitAveraging period
Particulate matter
(PM2.5)		PM2.5: 6.5 μg/m3
(population
weighted exposure
within
each zone and
30agglomeration)		255 percent per calendar
year until the limit is
reached

Clean Air (Human Rights) Bill [HL]Page 13

Section 1

Schedule 2 Indoor air pollutants

1Biological indoor air pollutants (dampness and mould)

PollutantConcentrationAveraging period
5DampnessZeron/a
MouldZeron/a

2Pollutant-specific guidelines (chemical pollution)

PollutantUnitAveraging period
Benzene (C6H6)3.5 μg/m31 year
101, 3 Butadiene2.25 μg/m31 year
Carbon monoxide (CO)7 mg/m324 hours
Formaldehyde
(HCHO)		8.6 μg/m31 year
Hydrogen sulphide
15(H2S)		7 μg/m330 minutes
 0.15 μg/m324 hours
Nitrogen dioxide
(NO2)		200 μg/m31 hour (no
exceedances)
 40 μg/m31 year
Naphthalene0.01 mg/m31 year
20Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs)
expressed as
concentration
of benzo(a)pyrene		Zeron/a
25Radon100 becquerels/m33 months
Tetrachloroethylene0.25 mg/m31 year
TrichloroethyleneZeron/a

Clean Air (Human Rights) Bill [HL]Page 14

3Pollutants from indoor combustion of fuels

PollutantUnitAveraging period
Particulate matter
(PM1,
5PM2.5 and PM10)		PM1: 18.5 μg/m324 hours (35 permitted
exceedances each year)
 PM1: 7.5 μg/m31 year
 PM2.5: 25 μg/m324 hours (35 permitted
exceedances each year)
 PM2.5: 10 μg/m31 year
 PM10: 50 μg/m324 hours (35 permitted
10exceedances each year)
 PM10: 20 μg/m31 year

4Infiltration of outdoor air into indoor environments

PollutantUnitAveraging period
Particulate matter
(PM2.5 and
PM10)		PM2.5: 12.5 μg/m324 hours (35 permitted
15exceedances each year)
 PM2.5: 5 μg/m31 year
 PM10: 25 μg/m324 hours (35 permitted
exceedances each year)
 PM10: 10 μg/m31 year

Section 1

20Schedule 3 Pollutants causing primarily environmental harm

1Pollutant concentrations

PollutantUnitCalendar year
Ammonia (NH3)3 μg/m31 year
Ground-level ozone
(O3)		AOT40 (calculated
from 1
hour values)
6,000 μg/m3 hours 		25Summer (1 April to 30
September)

Clean Air (Human Rights) Bill [HL]Page 15

PollutantUnitCalendar year
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
(expressed as NO2)		75 μg/m324 hours
 30µg/m3Calendar year
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)20µg/m3Calendar year and
5winter (1 October to 31
March)

2Pollutant emissions

PollutantUnitCalendar year
Ammonia (NH3)283 kilotonnes2020
 271 kilotonnes102025
 258 kilotonnes2030
Non-methane volatile
organic compounds
(NMVOCs)		689 kilotonnes2020
 671 kilotonnes2025
 654 kilotonnes152030
Oxides of nitrogen
(NOx)		724 kilotonnes2020
 579 kilotonnes2025
 434 kilotonnes2030
Particulate matter
(PM2.5)		79 kilotonnes202020
 70 kilotonnes2025
 61 kilotonnes2030
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)292 kilotonnes2020
 188 kilotonnes252025
 85 kilotonnes2030

Clean Air (Human Rights) Bill [HL]Page 16

Section 1

Schedule 4 Pollutants causing climate change

1Non-fluorinated gases

Pollutant or measureMtCO2ePeriod or calendar year
5“Net UK carbon
account” as defined in
section 27 of the
Climate Change Act
2008		2,5442018 to 2022 (3rd
budget)
 1,9502023 to 2027 (4th
budget)
 1,725102028 to 2032 (5th
budget)
 1562050
Methane (CH4)Reduce emissions by
around 19% below
152015 levels		2030
Nitrous oxide (N2O)Reduce emissions by
around 19% below
2015 levels		2030

2Fluorinated gases

PollutantMtCO2e20Calendar year
HydrofluorocarbonsReduce emissions by at
least 79% below 2015
levels		2030
 Reduce emissions by at
25least 86% below 2015
levels		2036
Nitrogen trifluorideReduce emissions by at
least 68% below 2016
levels		2030
Perfluorocarbons30Reduce emissions by at
least 68% below 2016
levels		2030
Sulphur hexafluorideReduce emissions by at
least 68% below 2016
35levels		2030

Clean Air (Human Rights) Bill [HL]Page 17

Section 4

Schedule 5 The Protocols to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe’s
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution

1The 1984 Geneva Protocol on Long-Term Financing of the Cooperative
5Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission
of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP).

2The 1985 Helsinki Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their
Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30 per cent.

3The 1988 Protocol concerning the Control of Nitrogen Oxides or their
10Transboundary Fluxes.

4The 1991 Geneva Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile
Organic Compounds or their Transboundary Fluxes.

5 The 1994 Oslo Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions.

6The 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Heavy Metals, as amended on 13 December
152012.

7The 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), as
amended on 18 December 2009.

8The 1999 Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and
Ground-level Ozone, as amended on 4 May 2012.

Section 4

20Schedule 6 The clean air enactments

Health

1The clean air enactments related to health are—

(a)the Public Health Act 1925;

(b)25the Public Health Act 1936;

(c)the Public Health Act 1961;

(d)the Noise and Statutory Nuisance Act 1993;

(e)the Health and Social Care Act 2012;

(f)the Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015.

30Pollution and air quality

2The clean air enactments related to clean air and pollution are—

(a)the Clean Air Act 1956;

(b)the Clean Air Act 1968;

(c)the Clean Air (Emission of Grit and Dust from Furnaces) Regulations
351971 (S.I 1971/162);

(d)the Control of Pollution Act 1974;

(e)the Clean Air Act 1993;

(f)the Motor Fuel (Composition and Content) Regulations 1999 (S.I.
1999/3107);

Clean Air (Human Rights) Bill [HL]Page 18

(g)the Pollution Prevention and Control Act 1999;

(h)the Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000/928);

(i)the Air Quality (Wales) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000/1940 (W.138));

(j)the Pollution Prevention and Control (England and Wales)
5Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000/1973);

(k)the Sulphur Content of Liquid Fuels (England and Wales)
Regulations 2007 (S.I. 2007/79);

(l)the Air Quality Standards Regulations 2010 (S.I. 2010/1001);

(m)the Air Quality Standards (Wales) Regulations 2010 (S.I. 2010/1433
10(W.126));

(n)the Air Quality Standards (Amendment) Regulations 2016 (S.I. 2016/
1184);

(o)the Motor Fuel (Composition and Content) and Merchant Shipping
(Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships) (Amendment) Regulations
152010 (S.I. 2010/3035);

(p)the Ecodesign for Energy-Related Products Regulations 2010 (S.I.
2010/2617);

(q)the Clean Air (Miscellaneous Provisions) (England) Regulations 2014
(S.I. 2014/3318);

(r)20the Sulphur Content of Liquid Fuels (England and Wales)
(Amendment) Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/1975);

(s)the Pollution Prevention and Control (England and Wales)
Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000/1973);

(t)the Large Combustion Plants (England and Wales) Regulations 2002
25(S.I. 2002/2688);

(u)the Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) (Amendment)
Regulations 2018 (S.I. 2018/110).

Aviation

3The clean air enactment related to aviation is the Civil Aviation Act 1982.

30Environment

4The clean air enactments related to the environment are—

(a)the Environmental Protection Act 1990;

(b)the Environmental Protection (Prescribed Processes and Substances)
Regulations 1991 (S.I. 1991/472);

(c)35the Environment Act 1995;

(d)the Local Government Act 2000;

(e)the Environmental Assessment of Plans and Programmes
Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004/1633);

(f)the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005;

(g)40the Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) (Amendment)
Regulations 2013 (S.I. 2013/390);

(h)the Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) (Amendment)
(No. 2) Regulations 2013 (S.I. 2013/766)

(i)the Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations
452016 (S.I. 2016/1154);

(j)the Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) (Amendment)
(No. 2) Regulations 2013 (S.I. 2016/000).

Clean Air (Human Rights) Bill [HL]Page 19

Vehicles

5The clean air enactments related to vehicles are—

(a)the Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1986 (S.I.
1986/1078);

(b)5the Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988;

(c)the Road Traffic Reduction Act 1997;

(d)the Road Traffic (Vehicle Emissions) (Fixed Penalty) (England)
Regulations 2002 (S.I. 2002/1808);

(e)the Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment)
10Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004/1706);

(f)the Non-Road Mobile Machinery (Emission of Gaseous and
Particulate Pollutants) (Amendment) Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/
1309);

(g)the Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment etc.) (No. 2)
15Regulations 2017 (S.I. 2017/1251).

Planning

6The clean air enactments related to planning are—

(a)the Town and Country Planning Act 1990;

(b)the Planning Act 2008;

(c)20the Localism Act 2011;

(d)the Neighbourhood Planning Act 2017.

Climate change

7The clean air enactments related to climate change are—

(a)the Greater London Authority Act 1999;

(b)25the Motor Fuel (Composition and Content) Regulations 1999 (S.I.
1999/3107);

(c)the Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006;

(d)the Persistent Organic Pollutants Regulations 2007 (S.I. 2007/3106);

(e)the Sulphur Content of Liquid Fuels (England and Wales)
30Regulations 2007 (S.I. 2007/79);

(f)the Climate Change Act 2008;

(g)the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources
Regulations 2011 (S.I. 2011/243);

(h)the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligations (Amendment) Order 2011
35(S.I. 2011/2937);

(i)the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Regulations 2012
(S.I. 2012/3038);

(j)the Motor Fuel (Road Vehicle and Mobile Machinery) Greenhouse
Gas Emissions Reporting Regulations 2012 (S.I. 2012/3030);

(k)40the Offshore Combustion Installations (Pollution Prevention and
Control) Regulations 2013 (S.I. 2013/971);

(l)the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligations (Amendment) Order 2013
(S.I. 2013/816);

(m)the Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases Regulations 2015 (S.I. 2015/310);

(n)45the Ozone-Depleting Substances Regulations 2015 (S.I. 2015/168);

(o)the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulations 2017 (S.I. 2017/897).

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