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Mr. Key [holding answer 28 June 1994] : Research conducted by the Transport Research Laboratory has shown that although accident rates vary from site to site, the average rates for pelican and zebra crossings are similar overall.
London Underground
Mr. Dobson : To ask the Secretary of State for Transport (1) if he will publish a table showing for each London underground line and for each four-week period between 1 January and 24 June the number of (i) crimes of violence, (ii) robbery and (iii) other offences ; and if he will make a statement ;
(2) if he will publish a table showing for each London underground line and for each four-week period between 1 January and 24 June the number and percentage of escalators out of service ; and if he will make a statement.
Mr. Norris [holding answer 28 June 1994] : The information is not available in exactly the form requested. The table shows the number and percentage of escalators out of service between 1 January 1994 to 31 March 1994. From 1 April 1994 London Underground's target for escalator performance has been changed to measure hours out of service across the whole service day, and this is reflected in the figures quoted from 1 April. Data are not available for June 1994.
Column 633
London Underground Limited: Escalators out of service
Period 11 Period 12 Period 13 Period 1 Period 2
1 January 1994 to 30 January 1994 27 February 1994 1 April 1994 to 1 May 1994 to
to to
29 January 1994 26 February 1994 31 March 1994 30 April 1994 28 May 1994
Line |Number |Per cent.|Number |Per cent.|Number |Per cent.|Hours |Per cent.|Hours |Per cent.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bakerloo |66 |4.8 |70 |4.9 |101 |5.8 |1,535 |6.4 |681 |3.3
Central |227 |8.4 |284 |10.0 |459 |13.5 |4,418 |10.9 |3,404 |9.0
District |44 |5.5 |44 |5.2 |60 |6.0 |10 |0.9 |2 |0.2
Circle and Hammersmith |0 |0.0 |0 |0.0 |0 |0.0 |755 |6.7 |825 |8.0
Jubilee and East London |77 |33.8 |111 |46.3 |53 |18.4 |595 |16.9 |254 |7.8
Metropolitan |39 |3.7 |43 |3.8 |76 |5.7 |1,167 |7.3 |1,080 |7.2
Northern |198 |9.1 |217 |9.5 |214 |7.8 |2,552 |7.8 |1,389 |4.5
Piccadilly |195 |11.9 |197 |11.5 |203 |9.8 |1,874 |7.6 |2,338 |10.0
Victoria |36 |3.2 |109 |9.1 |141 |9.8 |1,428 |7.9 |1,371 |7.6
Mr. Dobson : To ask the Secretary of State for Transport if he will publish a table showing for each London underground line and for each four- week period
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between 1 January and 24 June the number of incidents, including cancellations, which resulted in a headway of more than 20 minutes ; and how many of these were attributable.Mr. Norris [holding answer 28 June 1994] : This information is not available in exactly the form requested. The table shows the number of major delays to service for each accounting period between January and May 1994.
Column 636
For the last three periods of the 1993-94 financial year, a major delay to service is defined as a delay of 20 minutes or more ; since the beginning of 1994-95, only delays over 15 minutes have been measured by London Underground--in line with the current threshold for refunds under the LUL customer charter. No data are yet available for June 1994.Column 635
London Underground Limited
Attributable and non-attributable major train service delays
|Period 11 |Period 12 |Period 13 |Period 1 |Period 2
Line |1 January 1994 to |30 January 1994 to |27 February 1994 |1 April 1994 to |1 May 1994 to |Total
|29 January 1994 |to 26 February 1994|to 31 March 1994 |30 April 1994 |28 May 1994
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Attributable delays
Bakerloo |11 |8 |6 |7 |9 |41
Central |27 |24 |27 |43 |44 |165
District |6 |3 |7 |12 |4 |32
Circle and Hammersmith |1 |3 |4 |7 |5 |20
Jubilee and East London |1 |1 |3 |7 |2 |14
Metropolitan |6 |13 |18 |12 |21 |70
Northern |4 |9 |12 |4 |8 |37
Piccadilly |9 |3 |4 |20 |15 |51
Victoria |2 |5 |8 |3 |2 |20
|------- |------- |------- |------- |------- |-------
Total |67 |69 |89 |115 |110 |450
Non-attributable delays
Bakerloo |4 |1 |0 |3 |4 |12
Central |12 |11 |13 |23 |17 |76
District |5 |6 |8 |12 |18 |49
Circle and Hammersmith |5 |4 |9 |14 |10 |42
Jubilee and East London |9 |7 |1 |8 |9 |34
Metropolitan |14 |14 |17 |25 |24 |94
Northern |13 |10 |13 |14 |9 |59
Piccadilly |11 |7 |9 |11 |12 |50
Victoria |3 |5 |1 |7 |9 |25
|------- |------- |------- |------- |------- |-------
Total |76 |65 |71 |117 |112 |441
Mr. Dobson : To ask the Secretary of State for Transport if he will publish a table showing for each London underground line, and for each four -week period between 1 January and 24 June the number and length of station closures (a) exceeding 20 minutes during the usual period for passenger travel, (b) exceeding one hour during the usual period for passenger travel, (c) exceeding one day, (d) exceeding one week and (e) exceeding one month which were attributable to (i) train breakdowns, (ii) signal failures, (iii) track or points failures, (iv) derailments or collisions, (v) leaves on the line, (vi) staff shortages, (vii) adverse weather conditions, excluding leaves on the line and (viii) bomb alerts.
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Mr. Norris [holding answer 28 June 1994] : This information is not available in the form requested. The tables show station closures over 20 minutes but not more than one hour, and over one hour, caused by staff shortages (vi) and security alerts (viii)--this does not include station closures caused by individual suspect packages. Information on (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), and (vii) is not collected by London Underground-- it is extremely rare for a station to be closed for any of these reasons. Data are not collected in the form requested for closures in excess of one hour, and figures are not yet available for June 1994.
Column 635
London Underground Limited: Station closures attributable to staff shortages
Period 11 Period 12 Period 13 Period 1 Period 2
1 January 1994 to 30 January 1994 27 February 1994 1 April 1994 to 1 May 1994 to
to to
29 January 1994 26 February 1994 31 March 1994 30 April 1994 28 May 1994
Line |Over 20 |Over |Over 20 |Over |Over 20 |Over |Over 20 |Over |Over 20 |Over
|minutes |one hour|minutes |one hour|minutes |one hour|minutes |one hour|minutes |one hour
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bakerloo |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |1 |1
Central |2 |0 |0 |0 |1 |2 |1 |0 |4 |5
District |2 |0 |2 |1 |2 |0 |0 |0 |5 |2
Circle and Hammersmith |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0
Jubilee and East London |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |3 |1 |0
Metropolitan |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |1 |0
Northern |0 |1 |0 |0 |2 |0 |3 |1 |3 |1
Piccadilly |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |1 |0 |0
Victoria |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |2 |1
Total |6 |1 |2 |1 |6 |2 |7 |5 |17 |10
London Underground Limited: Station closures attributable to security alerts
Period 11 Period 12 Period 13 Period 1 Period 2
1 January 1994 to 30 January 1994 27 February 1994 1 April 1994 to 1 May 1994 to
to to
29 January 1994 26 February 1994 31 March 1994 30 April 1994 28 May 1994
Line |Over 20 |Over |Over 20 |Over |Over 20 |Over |Over 20 |Over |Over 20 |Over
|minutes |one hour|minutes |one hour|minutes |one hour|minutes |one hour|minutes |one hour
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bakerloo |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0
Central |0 |0 |0 |3 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1
District |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0
Circle and Hammersmith |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0
Jubilee and East London |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0
Metropolitan |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |2 |0 |0
Northern |0 |0 |0 |1 |1 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0
Piccadilly |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4 |1 |0 |0 |0
Victoria |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0
Total |0 |0 |1 |4 |3 |4 |2 |3 |0 |1
Mr. Dobson : To ask the Secretary of State for Transport if he will publish a table showing for each London underground line and for each four- week period between 1 January and 24 June the number and length of (a) attributable station closures, (b) non-attributable station closures, (c) exceeding 20 minutes during the usual period for passenger travel, (d) exceeding one hour during the usual period for passenger travel, (e) exceeding one day, (f) exceeding one week and (g) exceeding one month ; which stations, closed during the period, have yet to be reopened ; when each closed station will re-open ; and if he will make a statement.
Column 638
Mr. Norris [holding answer 28 June 1994] : The information is not available in the form requested. The tables show attributable and non- attributable station closures over 20 minutes but not more than one hour, and over one hour. No stations were closed for more than one day with the exception of Mornington Crescent on the Northern line, which has been closed by London underground for refurbishment and is not included in the tables. No data are yet available for June 1994.
Column 637
London Underground Limited: Attributable and non attributable station closures exceeding 20 minutes
Period 11 Period 12 Period 13 Period 1 Period 2
1 January 1994 to 30 January 1994 27 February 1994 1 April 1994 to 1 May 1994 to
to to
29 January 1994 26 February 1994 31 March 1994 30 April 1994 28 May 1994
Line |Attributable|Non |Attributable|Non |Attributable|Non |Attributable|Non |Attributable|Non
|attributable |attributable |attributable |attributable |attributable
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bakerloo |2 |1 |2 |4 |1 |1 |4 |2 |4 |5
Central |3 |6 |5 |11 |3 |11 |5 |5 |5 |16
District |2 |0 |2 |5 |3 |7 |0 |5 |5 |7
Circle and Hammersmith |4 |1 |2 |0 |0 |0 |1 |1 |1 |0
Jubilee and East London |0 |2 |2 |3 |0 |0 |0 |2 |2 |2
Metropolitan |3 |8 |3 |5 |3 |9 |1 |12 |1 |6
Northern |1 |5 |0 |4 |4 |5 |6 |9 |6 |4
Piccadilly |4 |8 |2 |0 |5 |8 |3 |5 |2 |6
Victoria |0 |1 |2 |2 |3 |3 |2 |2 |6 |4
London Underground Limited: Attributable and non attributable station closures exceeding one hour
Period 11 Period 12 Period 13 Period 1 Period 2
1 January 1994 to 30 January 1994 27 February 1994 1 April 1994 to 1 May 1994 to
to to
29 January 1994 26 February 1994 31 March 1994 30 April 1994 28 May 1994
Line |Attributable|Non |Attributable|Non |Attributable|Non |Attributable|Non |Attributable|Non
|attributable |attributable |attributable |attributable |attributable
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bakerloo |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0
Central |0 |1 |3 |4 |2 |0 |7 |1 |9 |4
District |0 |4 |1 |1 |0 |2 |0 |1 |2 |2
Circle and Hammersmith |0 |0 |0 |0 |3 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0
Jubilee and East London |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 |1 |3 |0 |1 |1
Metropolitan |0 |0 |1 |1 |0 |0 |1 |3 |0 |2
Northern |2 |1 |1 |3 |1 |0 |3 |1 |2 |1
Piccadilly |0 |1 |1 |0 |1 |6 |2 |2 |1 |4
Victoria |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |1 |0
A38
Mr. Hicks : To ask the Secretary of State for Transport when he hopes to announce his Department's preferred route for the A38 trunk road improvement between Saltash and Trerulefoot.
Mr. Key [holding answer 28 June 1994] : I expect to announce our preferred route for this scheme in the autumn.
Column 638
Coastguards
Mrs. Ray Michie : To ask the Secretary of State for Transport if he will list the numbers and responsibilities of the auxiliary coastguards assigned to each Coastguard Agency office.
Column 639
Mr. Norris [holding answer 28 June 1994] : A total of 3,515 auxiliary coastguards are assigned to the Coastguard Agency. The table gives a breakdown by rescue centre of numbers of auxiliaries and their responsibilities.
District |Coastal |Operations |Other
|Response Team |Room Assistants
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Falmouth |240 |31 |4
Brixham |157 |15 |4
Portland |147 |20 |4
Shetland |114 |17 |2
Pentland |188 |18 |2
Aberdeen |165 |15 |3
Forth |99 |9 |2
Tyne Tees |115 |15 |2
Humber |145 |18 |2
Yarmouth |110 |20 |3
Clyde |155 |12 |2
Oban |171 |15 |1
Belfast |92 |16 |1
Stornoway |141 |19 |2
Solent |143 |9 |2
Dover |91 |28 |3
Thames |119 |22 |5
Swansea |222 |23 |3
Milford Haven |162 |22 |3
Holyhead |154 |13 |1
Liverpool |161 |14 |2
|--- |-- |--
Total |3,091 |371 |53
Mrs. Ray Michie : To ask the Secretary of State for Transport what was the frequency with which auxiliary coastguards have been called out in the year to July 1994 ; how many were called out ; and what was the nature and location of the incident in each case.
Mr. Norris [holding answer 28 June 1994] : The number of incidents to which auxiliary coastguards were called out during the period 1 July 1993 to 26 June 1994 totals 6,807. To provide details of the number of auxiliaries involved ; nature and location of each incident would be of disproportionate cost.
Mrs. Ray Michie : To ask the Secretary of State for Transport what percentage of the annual budget of the Coastguards Agency is spent on the remuneration of auxiliary coastguards.
Mr. Norris [holding answer 28 June 1994] : Out of the Coastguard Agency's budget for the financial year 1994-95 of some £49.9 million, 3 per cent. has been set aside for the cost of allowances paid to auxiliary coastguards.
Mr. Ainger : To ask the Secretary of State for Transport what was the total cost of auxiliary coastguards pay and allowances (a) excluding and (b) including training costs in each coastguard region in 1993-94 ; and what it is projected to be in 1994-95.
Mr. Norris [holding answer 27 June 1994] : The following is the information :
Regional Totals
(a) and (b) Total Costs
Financial |Excluding|Including
Year |Training |Training
|£ |£
----------------------------------------
Western Region
1993-94 |248,894 |288,725
1994-95 |221,285 |275,000
Eastern Region
1993-94 |164,200 |191,264
1994-95 |162,889 |189,720
North and East of Scotland Region
1993-94 |155,000 |138,551
1994-95 |181,261 |159,551
West of Scotland and Northern Ireland Re
1993-94 |192,900 |229,703
1994-95 |184,592 |235,674
South Eastern Region
1993-94 |230,817 |245,716
1994-95 |246,262 |262,716
South Western Region
1993-94 |341,884 |315,935
1994-95 |382,824 |358,700
Mr. Ainger : To ask the Secretary of State for Transport how many auxiliary coastguard (a) patrol hours and (b) training hours are expected to be worked in the current year in each coastguard district and each coastguard region.
Mr. Norris [holding answer 27 June 1994] : The following is the information:
Projected figures for financial year 1994-95
District |Patrol hours|Training
|hours
------------------------------------------------------
Western Region
Swansea |2,438 |5,520
Milford Haven |1,998 |3,680
Holyhead |3,325 |3,325
Liverpool |7,638 |3,540
Total |15,399 |16,065
Eastern Region
Yarmouth |2,664 |3,750
Humber |6,822 |3,687
Tyne Tees |1,374 |2,320
Total |10,860 |9,757
North and East of Scotland Region
Forth |550 |2,200
Aberdeen |1,100 |3,910
Pentland |900 |3,700
Shetland |170 |2,110
Total |2,720 |11,920
West of Scotland and Northern Ireland Region
Belfast |2,500 |4,300
Stornoway |2,672 |4,004
Clyde |468 |6,807
Oban |1,728 |3,414
Total |7,368 |18,525
South Eastern Region
Solent |12,600 |5,000
Dover |5,000 |3,500
Thames |4,835 |1,878
Total |22,435 |10,378
South Western Region
Falmouth |8,770 |7,075
Brixham |5,564 |4,688
Portland |4,402 |3,876
Total |18,736 |15,639
OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
Overseas Aid
Mr. Battle : To ask the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs how much the Government spent on assistance to developing countries and to countries in transition (a) in constant prices, (b) as a proportion of Government spending and (c) as a proportion of GNP in 1980, 1990, 1991 and 1992, taking account of
Column 642
(i) official development aid, (ii) international environment policy (iii) peace operations in developing countries and countries in transition, (iv) reception of asylum seekers, (v) aid to central and eastern Europe, (vi) subsidies on loans to developing countries, and (vii) other forms of non-ODA assistance to developing countries.Mr. Lennox-Boyd : The information is not available in the form requested. The best representation is shown in the table. Information on the value of peace operations and reception of asylum seekers is being provided in response to separate questions tabled by the hon. Member.
Column 641
United Kingdom gross official flows to developing countries (<1> <2>)
|(a) |(b) |(c)
|Cash terms |Constant prices|Per cent. of |Per cent.
|£ million |(1992) |General |of GNP
|£ million |Government
|Spending
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Official development assistance
1980 |866 |1,790 |0.83 |0.43
1990 |1,563 |1,744 |0.73 |0.33
1991 |1,901 |1,985 |0.83 |0.38
1992 |1,977 |1,977 |0.78 |0.38
of which: Loans/Subsidies<3>
1980 |74 |154 |0.07 |0.04
1990 |6 |7 |0.00 |0.00
1991 |24 |25 |0.01 |0.00
1992 |30 |30 |0.01 |0.01
Other official flows
1980 |281 |580 |0.27 |0.14
1990 |386 |431 |0.18 |0.08
1991 |346 |361 |0.15 |0.07
1992 |252 |252 |0.10 |0.05
of which: Loans/Subsidies<3>
1980 |278 |574 |0.27 |0.14
1990 |386 |431 |0.18 |0.08
1991 |346 |361 |0.15 |0.07
1992 |252 |252 |0.10 |0.05
<1> This excludes assistance to countries of central and eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, peace
operations in developing countries and the cost of asylum seekers.
<2> Note that gross official flows do not include loan repayments.
<3> Includes interest stabilisation and subsidised loans.
Column 641
Other United Kingdom net official flows of assistance
|(a) |(b) |(c)
|Cash terms |Constant prices |Percent of general |Percent of
|£ million |(1992) |government spending|GNP
|£ million
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
United Kingdom official bilateral assistance to central
and eastern Europe
1980 |0 |0 |0.00 |0.00
1990<1> |69 |78 |0.03 |0.01
1991 |21 |22 |0.01 |0.00
1992 |28 |28 |0.01 |0.01
United Kingdom net official bilateral assistance to
former Soviet Union
1980 |0 |0 |0.00 |0.00
1990 |0 |0 |0.00 |0.00
1991 |4 |5 |0.00 |0.00
1992 |30 |30 |0.01 |0.01
United Kingdom multilateral assistance to CEE/FSU
1980 |0 |0 |0.00 |0.00
1990 |0 |0 |0.00 |0.00
1991 |160 |167 |0.07 |0.03
1992 |135 |135 |0.05 |0.03
Environmental protection<2>
1980 |n/a |n/a |n/a |n/a
1990 |n/a |n/a |n/a |n/a
1991-92 |108 |112 |0.05 |0.02
1992-93 |124 |124 |0.05 |0.02
n/a=Not available.
<1>Includes contribution towards currency stabilisation fund for Poland of about £62 million.
<2>Please see PQ 152 for an explanation of these figures. Figures for 1991-92 and 1992-93 are given in constant 1992-93 prices.
Development Aid
Mr. Battle : To ask the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs how much in cash terms and constant prices the Government spent in 1980, 1990, 1991 and 1992 on development aid to developing countries.
Mr. Lennox-Boyd : Expenditure details requested are as follows :
United Kingdom Gross Official Development Assistance to Developing
Countries<1>
Official Development |Cash Terms |Constant Prices
Assistance |(1992)
|£ million |£ million
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1980 |866 |1,790
1990 |1,563 |1,744
1991 |1,901 |1,985
1992 |1,977 |1,977
<1> Note that gross official flows do not include loan repayments.
Kenya
Mr. Worthington : To ask the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs what assessment he has made of whether British aid projects have been affected adversely by ethnic clashes in Kenya ; and what representations he has made on these matters to the Kenyan Government.
Mr. Lennox-Boyd : No British aid projects have been directly affected by the clashes. We have registered our concerns over the violence. We are supporting victims of the clashes by funding the programme launched jointly by the Government of Kenya, the United Nations development programme, donors and non-governmental organisations.
Mr. Worthington : To ask the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs what are the good governance issues that he takes into account in considering aid projects for Kenya.
Mr. Lennox-Boyd : Our programme aid, in Kenya as elsewhere, depends not only on economic reform but on a conducive political environment, with effective action to improve open and accountable government, including dealing with corruption, reducing tribal tensions and enhancing press freedom. We are, through our project aid--for example, support for the legal sector--seeking to enhance the processes of transparency and accountability.
Column 644
International Environment Protection
Mr. Battle : To ask the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs how much in cash terms and constant prices the Government spent in 1980, 1990, 1991 and 1992 on international environmental protection.
Mr. Lennox Boyd : Figures are not available for 1980 and 1990. Preliminary data derived from a pilot statistical analysis of bilateral projects show that expenditure on projects that had environmental protection as an objective was £108 million in 1991-92 and £124 million in 1992-93, in cash terms. In constant 1992-93 prices, this represents £112 million and £124 million respectively. The analysis covers approximately 57 per cent. of all bilateral expenditure. It does not include multilateral aid.
Central and Eastern Europe
Mr. Battle : To ask the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs how much in cash terms and constant prices, the Government spent in 1980, 1990, 1991 and 1992 on aid to central and eastern Europe.
Mr. Lennox Boyd : Expenditure details requested are as follows :
£ million
Year |Cash terms |Constant prices
|(1992)
----------------------------------------------------------------
United Kingdom net official bilateral assistance
to central and eastern Europe
1980 |0 |0
<1>1990 |69 |78
1991 |21 |22
1992 |28 |28
United Kingdom net official bilateral assistance
to former Soviet Union
1980 |0 |0
1990 |0 |0
1991 |4 |5
1992 |30 |30
United Kingdom multilateral assistance
to CEE/FSU
1980 |0 |0
1990 |0 |0
1991 |160 |167
1992 |135 |135
<1>Includes a contribution towards the Currency Stabilisation
Fund for Poland of approximately £62 million.
Column 645
Developing Countries (Loans)
Mr. Battle : To ask the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs how much in cash terms and constant prices the Government spent in 1980, 1990, 1991 and 1992 on subsidies on loans to developing countries (a) included in ODA expenditure and (b) not included in ODA expenditure.
Mr. Lennox-Boyd : Details of the value of interest stabilisation and subsidised loans to developing countries, are as follows :
United Kingdom gross official flows to developing countries<1>
Interest |Cash Terms |Constant Prices
Stabilisation and
Subsidised Loans |(1992)
|£ million
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(a) Included in Official
Development Assistance<2>
1980 |74 |154
1990 |6 |7
1991 |24 |25
1992 |30 |30
(b) Not included in Official
Development Assistance<3>
1980 |278 |574
1990 |386 |431
1991 |346 |361
1992 |252 |252
<1> Note that gross official flows do not include loan repayments.
<2> This comprises grants for interest subsidies included in Associated Financing
packages and bilateral loans.
<3> This comprises subsidies to national private exporters and investors, loans to
national private investors and other bilateral securities and claims.
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