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Mrs. Maddock: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment how much of the Government's total 1994 95 housing budget was allocated to (a) each region and (b) each housing authority area in England and Wales; and what is the allocation for 1995 96.
Mr. Robert B. Jones: For housing investment programme and approved development programme allocations in England, I refer the hon. Member to the answers I gave to her questions earlier today. Housing investment programme allocations comprise local authority credit approvals and resources for private sector renewal.
The Department is providing additional credit approvals in 1994 95 for the housing partnership fund, £30 million, the cash incentive scheme, £30 million, and the flats-over-shops scheme, £10 million. I have placed in the Library copies of the Department's press notices which announced allocations by English local authority area for these schemes for 1994 95. In 1995-96 the housing partnership fund will again provide £30 million and the cash incentive scheme will provide £60 million. Individual allocations have not yet been made for 1995 96.
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The estimated cost of housing revenue account subsidy for England in 1994 95 is £4.1 billion. Final claims for the year will not be received by the Department until early in 1996, but I have placed in the Library a list of the latest provisional claim figures for each authority and region. all of these are still subject to validation. The estimated cost of housing revenue account subsidy in 1995 96 is £4.2 billion. No claims have yet been received from authorities. The remainder of the Government's housing resources for England is allocated through a wide range of smaller programmes, and further information can be found in chapter A6 of the Department's "Annual Report 1994", published in March 1994, and in its "Annual Report 1995" which will be published shortly.Housing in Wales is the responsibility of my right hon. Friend the Secretary of State for Wales.
Mrs Maddock: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment in respect of how many social housing units work was started during the last 12 months for which figures are available in (a) each region and (b) each housing authority area in England and Wales.
Mr. Robert B. Jones: The publication "Local Housing Statistics" shows estimates of housebuilding starts for each region and each local authority area in England and Wales. It shows starts by sector, including activity by housing associations and by local authorities. Figures for 1993 and provisional figures for the first quarter of 1994 are in issue No. 110, March quarter 1994.
A copy of this publication is in the Library.
North Yorkshire County Council
Mr. Frank Cook: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment if he requested an estimate from North Yorkshire county council of the cost to it changing the name of the county council prior to his announcement on 1 February; and what estimate he has now made.
Mr. Robert B. Jones: My right hon. Friend the Secretary of State for the Environment has concluded that the county's name should not be changed.
Homelessness
Mrs Maddock: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment how many households were found to be homeless during the most recent 12 months for which figures are available in (a) each region and (b) each housing authority area in England and Wales.
Mr. Robert B. Jones: I have today placed in the Library a table giving the numbers reported by each local authority in England of homeless households for which they had accepted responsibility to secure permanent accommodation in the year ending September 1994, under the homelessness provisions of the 1985 Housing Act. The table includes grossed regional totals which include estimates for missing data.
For information about Wales I refer the hon. Member to my right hon. Friend the Secretary of State for Wales.
Mrs Maddock: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment what assessment he has made of the effect of homelessness and living in temporary accommodation on children's education.
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Mr. Forth: I have been asked to reply.
HM inspectors published "A Survey of the Education of Children Living in Temporary Accommodation" in 1990. It considered the effect of homelessness on the educational attainment of a sample of individual children and the response of the schools and local education authorities to their educational needs. It identified ways in which the educational arrangements for pupils who lived in temporary accommodation could be improved and noted that the national curriculum should ensure greater continuity and progression.
Woodspring District Council
Mr. Berry: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment if he will make a statement on the future of Woodspring district council under the draft Avon (Structural Change) Order; if it will have the functions currently exercised by (a) county or (b) district councils; how it will be treated for ceremonial purposes; and what assessment he has made as to the effect of the proposed changes on public understanding of local government arrangements.
Mr. Robert B. Jones: Under the Avon (Structural Change) Order, Woodspring district council will be a continuing district council on its existing boundaries, but will be renamed North West Somerset district council and will have both county and district functions. The order makes no provision for ceremonial functions in north-west Somerset but the Government's intention is that the area of north-west Somerset will be deemed to be part of Somerset for ceremonial purposes. I believe the creation of a unitary local authority will improve the accountability of local government in the area.
North West Somerset
Mr. Berry: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment what plans he has for a county council covering north-west Somerset.
Avon (Structural Change) Order
Mr. Berry: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment what powers are to be given under article 20 of the draft Avon (Structural Change) Order to Bristol city council and Woodspring district council additional to those available to Northavon, Kingswood, Bath or Wansdyke district councils or Avon county council before the preliminary period.
Debt
Mr. Devlin: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment if he will list by local authority (a) the total level of debt and (b) the level of debt expressed in pounds per head of the local population.
Mr. Robert B. Jones: I have today placed the information requested in the Library of the House.
Council Houses
Mr. Devlin: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment how many council houses have been built in
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each local authority in the northern region in each year since 1980.Mr. Robert B. Jones: I will write to my hon. Friend.
Revenue Support Grant
Sir David Madel: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment what is the average amount of revenue support grant for 1995 96 per dwelling for (a) Bedfordshire county council and (b) each of the four Bedfordshire district councils.
Mr. Curry: The average amount of revenue support grant for 1995 96 per chargeable dwelling is as follows:
|£
----------------------------------------
(a) Bedfordshire County Council |757
(b) Bedford |114
Luton |164
Mid Bedfordshire |56
South Bedfordshire |81
The amounts are determined by the relative needs, taxable capacity, and population of each authority, as measured by each authority's standard spending assessment, RSG council tax base, and resident population as at 30 June 1993, respectively.
Review Bodies
Mr. Andrew Smith: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment (1) if he will estimate the cost to local authorities' self-financed expenditure in 1995 96 of implementing in full the recommendations of (a) the School Teachers' Review Body, (b) the Review Body on Doctors' and Dentists' Remuneration and (c) the Review Body on Nursing Staff, Midwives, Health Visitors, and Professions Allied to Medicine, assuming no changes in staff numbers;
(2) if he will estimate the cost to his Department's budget in 1995 96 of implementing in full the recommendations of (a) the School Teachers' Review Body, (b) the Review Body on Doctors' and Dentists' Remuneration and (c) the Review Body on Nursing Staff, Midwives, Health Visitors, and Professions Allied to Medicine, assuming no change in staff numbers; and how much of the cost would be borne by (i) direct expenditure by his Department and (ii) grants and loans to local authorities.
Mr. Robert B. Jones: The School Teachers' Review Body has recommended an increase of 2.7 per cent. in teachers' pay for 1995 96. The cost of this to local authorities in England is likely to be in the order of £275 million. The recommendations of the Review Body on Doctors' and Dentists' Remuneration and the Review Body on Nursing Staff, Midwives, Health Visitors and Professions Allied to Medicine will not directly affect local authorities' budgets. There will be no direct cost to my Department's other programmes.
The Government took account of a range of possible pay settlements for all local authority employees, including teachers, in deciding the overall level of the local government settlement.
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Local Government Finance
Mr. David Nicholson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment if he will make a statement on the amount of government support to county councils in England in the local government financial settlements for 1992 93, 1993 94 and 1994 95 compared with the rate of inflation in each year.
Mr. Robert B. Jones: Under the local government finance system in operation prior to 1 April 1993 both revenue support grant and non-domestic rates for an area were paid into the collection funds administered by the charging authorities in that area. It is therefore not possible to provide a figure for the amount of RSG and NDR for county councils for 1992 93.
The total of RSG and NDR entitlements for county councils in England was £13,287.431 million in 1993 94 rising to £13,641.681 million in 1994 95, an increase of 2.7 per cent.
The GDP deflator is a general measure of domestically-generated inflation in the economy. In 1994 95 it is estimated to be 2 per cent. higher than in 1993 94.
Mr. David Nicholson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment what increase took place in the amount of government grant offered to Surrey in the local government financial settlement for 1995 96 as a result of representations received during the consultation period, and for what specific reasons the increase was made.
Mr. Robert B. Jones: Surrey county council, in common with a number of other local authorities, made representations that the number of pupils involved in the calculations in the consultation paper was inaccurate. In each case we have incorporated the new figures where they were notified prior to the settlement being laid before the House.
The effect on Surrey was to increase the revenue support grant by £2.934 million.
Mr. Tipping: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment, pursuant to his answer of 3 February, Official Report , columns 910 11 , if he will set out by council the value of the bid for redundancy and new building costs.
Mr. Robert B. Jones [holding answer 15 February 1995]: The bids for redundancy and staff compensation and for accommodation costs, which may include new building costs, are as follows:
|
|costs |Accommodation
|£000s |£000s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Isle of Wight
Isle of Wight Council |500 |960
Avon
Avon County Council |2,625 |*Nil
Bath City Council |1,020 |*Nil
Bristol City Council |2,000 |125
Northavon District Council |461 |*Nil
Kingswood Borough Council |430 |*Nil
Wansdyke District Council |632 |*Nil
Woodspring District Council |275
Cleveland
Cleveland County Council |2,140 |*Nil
Hartlepool Borough Council |294 |931
Langbaurgh on Tees Borough Council |628 |8,936
Middlesbrough Borough Council |600 |250
Stockton on Tees Borough Council |544 |3,165
North Yorkshire
North Yorkshire County Council |1,000 |*Nil
Ryedale District Council |100 |*Nil
Selby District Council |213 |*Nil
City of York Council |330 |*Nil
Humberside
Humberside County Council |8,960 |*Nil
Beverley Borough Council |583 |*Nil
Boothferry Borough Council |600 |*Nil
Cleethorpes Borough Council |300 |*Nil
East Yorkshire Borough Council |959 |*Nil
Glanford Borough Council |500 |*Nil
Great Grimsby Borough Council |762 |*Nil
Holderness Borough Council |333 |*Nil
Hull City Council |Nil |600
Scunthorpe Borough Council |477 |*Nil
Note:
A *Nil entry indicates an authority that is to be abolished and that is
therefore ineligible under the transitional costs scheme to bid for
accommodation costs.
Mr. Tipping: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment what bids he received from local authorities in the Isle of Wight, Avon, Cleveland, North Yorkshire and Humberside for supplementary credit approvals for 1995 96; and what allocation by service block had been made for each authority.
Mr. Robert B. Jones [holding answer 15 February 1995]: The bids to which the hon. Member refers are set out in the answer I gave on 3 February, Official Report , columns 910 11 . The allocations--which I shall announce very shortly--are not hypothecated to specific services.
Mr. Dobson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment what were the usable capital receipts as at 31 March 1994, for each local authority, and in total for England.
Mr. Gummer [holding answer 9 February 1995]: The total of usable capital receipts held by English local authorities at 31 March 1994 was £2.1 billion. The information for each local authority has been placed in the Library of the House. It is open to authorities to spend these receipts or to use them to repay debt. The gross debt of English authorities at 31 March 1994 was £38 billion.
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Century House
Mr. Barnes: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment pursuant to his answer of 24 November 1994, Official Report , column 249 , what has been the cost of maintenance of Century house, Westminster Bridge road since 24 November, and what progress has been made in negotiations over the short-term and long-term future of the building.
Sir Paul Beresford: The cost of maintenance at Century house since 24 November 1994 amounts to £13,000 plus fees and VAT. The majority of expenditure relates to security cover.
Property Holdings arranged with the landlord for the building to be offered for use as a winter shelter in 1994 95 as part of the Government's rough sleeper's initiative in central London. The planning application was refused by London borough of Lambeth and the proposal did not proceed. The interest in re-use by a Government Department is no longer current and a marketing campaign is being produced. As an interim measure short-term car parking lettings are under consideration.
Discussions with the landlord and freeholder about the future of the building are continuing. Progress is hampered by the substantial negative value of the Secretary of State's lease.
Local Government Reorganisation
Mr. Harry Greenway: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment what resources he will make available to authorities that are to be reorganised on1 April 1995 or 1996 for reorganisation costs incurred by them in 1995 96, and if he will make a statement.
Mr. Curry: I announced on 2 December 1994, Official Report , column 921 , that I was inviting authorities in the county areas of Avon, Cleveland, Humberside, North Yorkshire and the Isle of Wight to submit estimates of the amount of expenditure they expect to incur on reorganisation in 1995 96. On the basis, inter alia, of the information provided by the authorities, I have decided the maximum amounts that it would be appropriate to allocate at this stage towards eligible costs incurred in 1995 96.
I propose to make further allocations during the course of 1995 96 to shadow authorities when they are elected; to all eligible authorities in the light of revised estimates to be submitted at the end of September, especially in respect of redundancy and staff compensation costs; and to some authorities who are being asked to look again at certain expenditures that they are proposing to incur, especially on accommodation. Authorities for whom reorganisation orders are made under section 17 of the Local Government Act 1992 during the course of 1995 96 may also qualify under the scheme. I propose to hold back £27 million out of the total provision of £50 million for these purposes. The balance of £23 million will be allocated to authorities as set out. Authorities will be notified within the next few days of their maximum amount and of the considerations underlying my decision. The amounts are as follows:
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|Maximum amount £
Authority |thousand rounded
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Avon
Avon County Council |500
Bristol City Council |2,800
Woodspring District Council |2,500
Bath City Council |250
Wansdyke District Council |240
Kingswood Borough Council |250
Northavon District Council |250
Cleveland
Cleveland County Council |500
Hartlepool Borough Council |2,750
Langbaurgh on Tees Borough Council |1,850
Middlesbrough Borough Council |1,160
Stockton on Tees Borough Council |2,280
Humberside
Humberside County Council |500
Hull City Council |2,800
Beverley Borough Council |250
Boothferry Borough Council |300
East Yorkshire Borough Council |250
Holderness Borough Council |250
Glanford Borough Council |250
Scunthorpe Borough Council |250
Cleesthorpes Borough Council |250
Great Grimsby Borough Council |250
North Yorkshire
North Yorkshire County Council |500
Ryedale District Council |60
Selby District Council |60
City of York Council |250
Isle of Wight
Isle of Wight Council |1,450
Total |23,000
Mr. Pickthall: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment under what provisions a local authority which is due to change its name may use powers assigned to the authority under the new name before the date of the change.
Mr. Robert B. Jones [holding answer 15 February 1995]: Where a local authority's name is changed, this does not affect the authority's legal status and provisions apply to that authority regardless of its name.
Mr. Tipping: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment if he will set out the estimates he has received from the Local Government Commission for transitional costs connected with proposed reorganisation in the Isle of Wight, Avon, Cleveland, North Yorkshire and Humberside.
Mr. Robert B. Jones [holding answer 15 February 1995]: The Local Government Commission's estimates of transitional costs of reorganisation are:
0
|Transitional
|costs £ million
------------------------------------------------
Isle of Wight |4-5
Avon |13-18
Cleveland |13-18
North Yorkshire |3-4
Note:
They did not publish a separate estimate for
Humberside.
Unitary Authorities
Mr. Tipping: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment if he will make it his policy that no further
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orders will be laid before Parliament under section 17 of the Local Government Act 1992 until he has responded to the letter dated 26 January from the chair of the Association of County Council's regarding the disqualification of new unitary authorities.Mr. Curry [holding answer 15 February 1995]: I replied to this letter yesterday.
Tyre Dumping
Mr. Hinchliffe: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment what assessment his Department has undertaken of the dumping of tyres, with particular reference to (a) their environmental impact and (b) the means to combat the practice.
Sir Paul Beresford [holding answer 13 February 1995]: The Government are aware that a large number of used tyres need to be disposed of each year and that without proper disposal they can create environmental problems. Used tyres are controlled waste and as such are subject to stringent controls under the Environmental Protection Act 1990. Section 34 of the Act places a duty of care on everyone with a responsibility for waste to ensure that it is properly managed from production to disposal.
In addition to these controls on the handling and disposal of controlled waste, the Government are supporting a number of initiatives designed to reduce the quantity of used tyres requiring disposal. These have the potential significantly to reduce the problem of scrap tyres in the future.
A consultation draft of "A Waste Strategy for England and Wales" was published by the Department of the Environment and Welsh Office in January this year. The issue of used tyres is discussed in greater detail in this document. A copy is being sent to the hon. Member.
Gas Safety Regulations
Mr. Mills: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment if he will issue clear and detailed guidelines on the responsibility for costs to private landlords in the implementation of the requirements of the Gas Safety (Installation and Use) Regulations 1994 in both cases where gas appliances were bought and installed by the landlord or bought and installed by the tenant.
Mr. Oppenheim: I have been asked to reply.
No. However, the Government and the Health and Safety Commission considered the costs to landlords of the specific duties placed upon them by the Gas Safety (Installation and Use) Regulations 1994, and concluded that these would not be significant, and were justified by the benefits that the duties were designed to secure in reduced incidents of carbon monoxide poisoning from dangerous gas appliances. These specific duties do not apply to tenants.
New Forest Committee
Mr. Key: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment what is the 1994 95 budget of the New Forest committee; and how it is funded.
Mr. Atkins: The New Forest committee budget for 1994 95 is £114.500, of which £20,000 is provided by the Department of the Environment and a contribution of up to £18,900 is paid by each of the Forestry Commission,
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English Nature, the Countryside Commission, New Forest district council and Hampshire county council.Mr. Key: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment what was the actual expenditure of the New Forest committee in 1993 94.
Mr. Atkins: A total of £109,300.
Mr. Key: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment if the boundaries of the proposed New Forest heritage area have now been decided; and if he will place definitive maps in the Library.
Mr. Atkins: The boundary of the proposed wider New Forest heritage area will emerge from the preparation and adoption of local plans. Proposals to define the boundary are being carried forward in four local plans in the New Forest district--the Avon valley, the Forest and Downlands villages and the New Forest, east--together with the Salisbury district plan and the Test valley borough plan. Copies of the local plans will be deposited in the Department of the Environment's library.
Mr. Key: To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment if he will define the duties of (a) the New Forest committee and (b) the New Forest consultative panel.
Mr. Atkins: The New Forest committee's terms of reference include the promotion of the conservation of the traditional character of the New Forest heritage area; the review of action to maintain the balance of natural and socio-economic forces which determine its character; and the preparation and promotion of a strategy for co-ordinated management of the area.
The New forest consultative panel has a membership of 71 organisations to include representatives from the whole of the wider New forest heritage area. It is administered by the New Forest Committee, and contributes to the committee's task of ensuring that its members are working together to promote the conservation of the traditional character of the forest. It encourages monitoring of the practical effects of policies or initiatives carried out in the forest.
HEALTH
NHS Appointees (Payments)
Mr. Redmond: To ask the Secretary of State for Health if she will list by health authority and NHS trust for 1993 payments made (a) to chairmen, (b) to chief executives and (c) to directors.
Mr. Malone: Information will be placed in the Library on the remuneration of members of the boards of individual regional and district health authorities and national health service trusts, as extracted from their annual accounts for 1993 94. The figures need to be treated with caution. The payments listed represent remuneration in respect of the total gross salary, bonus payments, monetary value of benefits in kind, taxable expenses allowances and compensation payments in relation to the offices described--rather than to an individual. Thus, payments listed for chairmen and chief executives could well refer to more than one individual.
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Private Patients
Mr. Bill Michie: To ask the Secretary of State for Health what is the percentage change in the number of finished consultant episodes on private patients on NHS premises between 1990 91 and the latest period for which figures are available.
Mr. Sackville: I refer the hon. Member to the reply I gave the hon. Member for Oldham, Central and Royton (Mr. Davies) on 14 February, column 640.
Embryos
Mr. Alton: To ask the Secretary of State for Health (1) what evaluation she has conducted on the research into the effects of freezing the human embryo on its DNA and the molecular interactions within its cells;
(2) what contact her Department has had with its French counterparts to study the long-term effects of freezing human embryos in the last two years;
(3) what research has been undertaken by her Department into the long-term effects of freezing human embryos following test tube baby treatments in the last two years.
Mr. Sackville: Recent research at Cambridge on embryo freezing has been reported in a paper entitled "Birth characteristics and perinatal outcome of babies conceived from cryopreserved embryos" by I. Wada et al, published in Human Reproduction Vol.9 No.3, pages
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543 546. A research project entitled "Outcome in children from cryopreserved embryos" at Manchester university has been completed and publication is expected soon. Research under way at the university of York includes consideration of whether biochemical changes accompany human embryo freezing.The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority keeps developments in research and treatment under review, including reports of work undertaken in other countries. The authority set up a working group on embryo freezing in 1993 to consider the social and ethical issues in this field. The outcome of its work was reported in the authority's 1994 annual report, copies of which are available in the Library.
GP Fundholding
Sir Andrew Bowden: To ask the Secretary of State for Health how many total purchasing general practitioner fundholding practices have been given the ability to purchase residential nursing home care.
Mr. Malone: There are four existing national total purchasing pilots, in which general practitioner fundholders purchase all hospital and community health services for their patients. A further 49 sites are now to join the national evaluation programme. The pilot sites are listed below. Fundholders and health authorities working in partnership are demonstrating what can be achieved, and have made clear their commitment to this important project.
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Total Fundholding - All Regions
Region |Pilot Site |Number of Practices |Population covered
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
South and West<6> |Romsey |3 |29,062
|Plymouth and Torbay |7 |73,000
|Trowbridge, Bath and Frome |4 |59,257
|Dorset |1 |17,105
|North and Mid Hants (Winchester) |1 |20,000
|Saltash |1 |17,200
Trent<8> |High Peak Consortia |5 |39,700
|Keyworth |1 |11,500
|Belper (South Derby) |2 |21,930
|Melton Mowbray |1 |33,132
|Rotherham |1 |14,668
|North Lincolnshire (Market Rasen) |4 |29,500
|South Derbyshire (Long Eaton) |6 |45,664
|Sheffield South |12 |61,445
West Midlands<6> |Coventry Health |3 |20,107
|Bromsgrove<1> |4 |40,000
|Bridgnorth |1 |15,024
|Worcester |1 |12,300
|Bewdley |1 |12,943
|Solihull |1 |18,944
South Thames<6> |Kingston and Richmond |4 |45,000
|West Sussex (East Grinstead) |3 |32,746
|East Sussex (Bexhill) |5 |42,000
|Merton, Sutton and Wandsworth |8 |80,800
|West Surrey (Byfleet) |3 |30,000
|East Surrey (Epsom) |3 |22,800
North Thames<7> |Brent and Harrow |3 |32,000
|Enfield and Haringey |5 |59,870
|Essex |4 |44,300
|Hillingdon |4 |39,204
|Herts (St. Albans) |14 |85,018
|Herts (Hemel Hempstead) |11 |95,839
|Hertford |7 |35,466
Anglia and Oxford<5> |Berkshire Integrated Purchasing Project<1>|6 |65,000
|Bucks |4 |55,423
|Thatcham |1 |25,000
|North West Anglia (Kings Lynn) |1 |18,086
|Attleborough |1 |13,900
Northern and Yorkshire<7> |Wakefield |5 |54,000
|Newcastle |2 |25,300
|North Bradford Health Gain Consortium |3 |30,000
|Durham |3 |46,053
|Worth Valley<1> |8 |60,000
|North Yorks (York) |1 |21,027
|Tynedale |12 |55,700
North West<8> |Runcorn<1> |1 |12,000
|Ellesmere Port |7 |67,000
|Newton Le Willows (St. Helens) |8 |45,664
|Liverpool Neighbourhood |8 |48,600
|Clitheroe and Whalley |3 |31,600
|South Lancs (South Bank) |5 |24,000
|South Cheshire |3 |20,000
|Wilmslow |4 |35,000
<1> Existing Projects
Mr. Devlin: To ask the Secretary of State for Health how many people in the north of England are registered with fundholding general practitioners.
Mr. Malone: Some 34 per cent. of the population in the north of England as defined by the area covered by the Northern, and Yorkshire, and North West regional health authorities and Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham and Sheffield family health services authorities, are served by a fundholding general practitioner.
Mrs. Beckett: To ask the Secretary of State for Health if she will list the research her Department has done or commissioned in each of the last eight years, on fundholding.
Mr. Malone: Research on fundholding has been carried out by the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development, King's Fund Institute and individual researchers. No research has been carried out internally.
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