APPENDIX 7
Memorandum from Peter Urwin and Professor
J R Shackleton, Education, Training and the Labour Market Research
Group, University of Westminster
A NOTE ON
THE ROLE
OF PRIVATE
EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES
IN PLACING
THE UNEMPLOYED
1. The following analysis uses Labour Force
Survey data from Spring 1998 to provide information on the use
of Private Employment Agencies (PEAs) by the unemployed. We realise
that the analysis constitutes a brief note and will be glad to
expand on any of the points discussed if you wish to invite us
to give oral evidence. The Labour Force Survey is a rich data
set of approximately 60,000 households (150,000 individuals)—with
information on a variety of socio-economic characteristics. The
first LFS in the UK was conducted in 1973; it was carried out
biennially until 1983; annually between 1984 and 1991 and quarterly
from the Spring of 1992. The statistics quoted in this document
are weighted to reflect the characteristics of the population
of Great Britain.
2. The accompanying tables concentrate on
the use of Private Employment Agencies (PEAs) by the ILO unemployed
for various groups of the population, when compared to other forms
of job search. However, to begin, it is useful to identify the
importance of PEAs in the labour market as a whole. Table 1 shows
that, of all those employees and people on government schemes
who have been with their current employer for three months or
less, 10 per cent used a private employment agency to obtain their
job. The most important single route to employment for this group
was through a reply to an advertisement.
3. Further analysis of these individuals
who gained their job within the last three months shows that,
of those who were unemployed prior to this, 10 per cent used PEAs
to obtain their current position. Whilst these figures must be
treated with caution[1]
it is interesting to note that the use of PEAs is highest amongst
ex-pupils and students (those who have just finished full-time
education), with 22 per cent of those who were students three
months ago having gained their present employment through this
avenue. Of those who were employed in another job three months
ago, 17 per cent obtained their new job through registration with
a PEA.
4. Table 2 looks at the proportion of employed,
unemployed and inactive individuals who are using PEAs as their
main method of employment search. As we can see, of the 1.6 million
employed individuals who were searching for work in the last four
weeks only 6 per cent rely upon registration with an employment
agency as their main method of search—for the unemployed
the figure is even smaller, at 3 per cent.
5. However, simply analysing the main method
of search seriously underestimates the use of PEAs. The use of
PEAs often serves as one amongst several methods of search, alongside
such avenues as studying situations vacant, contacting friends
etc. Thus, if we analyse Table 3, we can see that 23 per cent
of ILO unemployed individuals who are looking for a job as an
employee are registered with a Private Employment Agency. This
proportion is the same for those in employment who are looking
for a job. The proportion for the inactive may seem relatively
high (for a group that is not supposed to be actively seeking
employment) but the numbers involved are small and probably represent
those who are unavailable for work at the moment, but have sought
work over the last four weeks. It would be interesting to identify
the source and definition of the 12 per cent figure quoted in
the call for evidence—even if we consider all unemployed
individuals (not just those seeking a job as an employee) we still
arrive at a figure of 19 per cent.
6. Table 4 analyses the main methods of
job search used by unemployed individuals who are registered with
PEAs. It is interesting to note that those individuals whose main
method of search is to visit a Careers Office or a Job Centre
are some of the least likely to be registered with a PEA (though,
once again, care must be taken with cells that have <10,000
observations). In contrast, those who visit a Jobclub or answer
advertisements in newspapers and journals as their main method
of search are the most likely to be registered with a PEA.
7. It is clear that any expansion of the
role of PEAs in placing the unemployed will have implications
for access to employment opportunities. Therefore, it is useful
to analyse the characteristics of those who use them, as it is
possible that PEAs may favour certain sub-groups of the population
or, vice-versa, certain sub-groups of the population may favour
their use. Therefore, the tables numbered 5 to 10 analyse the
use of PEAs by ethnicity, gender, age etc. It is also useful to
note that we are only dealing with those who are looking for work
as an employee—any expansion of PEA involvement in job placement
programmes will not help those wishing to become self-employed.
8. The following points provide a brief
comment on the accompanying tables (All Tables from 5 to 14 analyse
the situation of the unemployed, except for Table 12 which crosstabulates
whether present job is temporary or permanent with method of obtaining
present job for all those who obtained their present post within
the last three months).
— Table 5 shows that 27 per cent of
unemployed men, compared to only 17 per cent of unemployed women,
are registered with PEAs.
— From Table 6 there seems to be very
little difference between the proportions of each age group using
PEAs amongst the ILO unemployed.
— Table 7 shows some variation in the
use of PEAs by ethnicity. Unemployed Black Caribbeans and Black
Africans are most likely to be registered with a PEA. Indians
and Pakistanis have similar proportions to Whites and unemployed
Bangladeshis have too low a sample size to provide comment.
— We can see from Table 8 that, the
higher the occupational category of individuals in their previous
job, the more likely they are to register with a PEA when unemployed.
— Table 9 analyses the use of PEAs
amongst the unemployed according to their previous industry group.
From this we can see that the most likely to be registered with
a PEA are those who previously worked in the Financial, Real Estate,
Renting and Business Services sector.
— Table 10 highlights the fact that
the longer the time period since your last job, the less likely
you are to be registered with a PEA.
— Table 11 indicates that PEAs seem
to be used by individuals mainly to find full-time employment.
— The Labour Force Survey does not
allow us to analyse whether being registered with a PEA is correlated
with whether individuals are looking for a temporary or permanent
position (the unemployed are not asked whether they are looking
for a permanent or temporary post). However, Table 12 does show
that, if you obtained your present post through a PEA then it
is much more likely that the post is temporary.
— Analysis of the data by region of
residence (Table 13) shows that, generally, as you move South
the unemployed are more likely to be registered with a PEA.
— Finally, Table 14 shows that, the
higher individuals' level of educational attainment, the more
likely they are to be registered with an employment agency.
9. As mentioned in the first paragraph,
the preceding analysis cannot be considered to be in any way comprehensive.
There is likely to be a high level of correlation between many
of the variables analysed. For instance, we find that in Table
8 a high proportion of unemployed Managers and Administrators
are registered with PEAs. The fact that in Table 14 we subsequently
find a large proportion of those with Higher Educational Qualifications
are registered with PEAs is less surprising, as Managers and Administrators
are likely to possess Higher Educational Qualifications. Therefore,
in order to isolate the relative strengths of the factors affecting
whether an individual is registered with a PEA, some form of multivariate
analysis is required. An analysis such as this would also enable
us to identify whether unemployed individuals using Private employment
agencies have a higher or lower probability of gaining employment.
10. Additional to this, adding a time series
element to the analysis would also answer questions such as—Do
PEAs place workers for very short periods of time, or do they
provide access to tenured, "secure" jobs? Do those using
Private Employment Agencies simply spend their careers moving
between unemployment and employment? (See Shackleton and Urwin
(1999) for a possible methodology[2]).
11. Finally, some form of further investigation
would be needed in order to identify the conditions under which
Employment Agency workers are employed. Many Private Employment
Agencies now provide training for those registered with them and
treat their workers as employees. Do these individuals receive
holiday entitlement, sick pay etc.?
Material from the Labour Force Survey made available
through the Office of National Statistics and the ESRC Data Archive
has been used by permission of the Controller of HM Stationery
Office.
Education, Training and the Labour Market Research
Group, University of Westminster.
Table 1:
HOW CURRENT JOB WAS OBTAINED*
| Method of gaining present job
| | Frequency
|
| Reply to advertisement | Count
%
| 483,203
29 |
| Job Centre | Count
%
| 169,225
10 |
| Careers Office | Count
%
| 10,691
1 |
| Jobclub | Count
%
| 3,417
0 |
| Private employment agency, business | Count
%
| 178,580
11 |
| Hearing from someone who worked there | Count
%
| 463,100
27 |
| Direct application | Count
%
| 225,677
13 |
| Some other way | Count
%
| 155,707
9 |
| Total | Count
%
| 1,689,600
100 |
Source: Labour Force Survey Spring 1998.
*All employees and people on government schemes who have
been with their current employer for three months or less.
Table 2:
MAIN METHOD OF LOOKING FOR A JOB AS AN EMPLOYEE—FOR
EMPLOYED, UNEMPLOYED AND INACTIVE WHO HAVE SEARCHED WITHIN THE
LAST 4 WEEKS
| Main Job Search Method |
| Employed | Unemployed
| Inactive | Total
|
| Visit a Jobcentre | Count
%
| 113,089
7 | 429,905
30
| 24,228
10 | 567,222
17
|
| Visit a Careers Office | Count
%
| 7,840
0 | 13,154
1
| 13,131
6 | 34,125
1
|
| Visit a Jobclub | Count
%
| 2,090
0 | 13,644
1
| 1,108
0 | 16,842
1
|
| On books of private employment agency | Count
%
| 103,316
6 | 39,946
3
| 5,292
2 | 148,554
4
|
| Advertise in newspapers or journals | Count
%
| 2,020
0 | 863
0
| | 2,883
0
|
| Answer ads in newspapers and journals | Count
%
| 198,960
12 | 140,373
10
| 20,058
8 | 359,391
11
|
| Study sits vac in newspapers or jornals |
Count
% | 818,600
51
| 468,995
32 | 77,855
33
| 1,365,450
41 |
| Apply directly to employers | Count
%
| 150,623
9 | 164,989
11
| 52,116
22 | 367,728
11
|
| Ask friends, relatives, colleagues, TUs |
Count
% | 138,116
9
| 141,788
10 | 22,883
10
| 302,787
9 |
| Wait for results of application for job |
Count
% | 37,277
2
| 15,087
1 | 5,600
2
| 57,964
2 |
| Do anything else to find work | Count
%
| 48,043
3 | 22,098
2
| 13,946
6 | 84,087
3
|
| Total | Count
%
| 1,619,974
100 | 1,450,842
100
| 236,217
100 | 3,307,033
100
|
Source: Labour Force Survey Spring 1998.
Table 3:
INDIVIDUALS REGISTERED WITH PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES*
| |
| Employed | Unemployed
| Inactive | Total
|
| Use variety of methods other than registration with PEA
| Count
% | 1,244,209
77
| 1,122,478
77 | 209,903
89
| 2,576,590
78 |
| Use variety of methods, including registration with PEA
| Count
% | 375,764
23
| 328,364
23 | 26,316
11
| 730,444
22 |
| Total | Count
%
| 1,619,973
100 | 1,450,842
100
| 236,219
100 | 3,307,034
100
|
Source: Labour Force Survey Spring 1998.
* These figures apply to all those who have looked for
a job as an employee within the last four weeks.
Table 4:
MAIN SEARCH METHOD OF UNEMPLOYED INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE ALSO
REGISTERED WITH PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES*
| |
| Visit a Jobcentre |
Visit a Careers Office |
Visit a Jobclub | Answer ads in newspapers and journals
| Study sits vac in newspapers or journals
| Apply directly to employers
| Ask friends, relatives, colleagues, TUs
| Wait for results of application for job
| Do anything else to find work
|
Not registered
with PEA | Count
| 354,785 | 10,719
| 9,599 | 97,380
| 366,505 | 131,523
| 119,467 | 12,382
| 19,171 |
| | %
| 83 | 82
| 70 | 69
| 78 | 80
| 84 | 82
| 87 |
Registered with
PEA | Count
| 75,120 | 2,435
| 4,045 | 42,993
| 102,490 | 33,466
| 22,321 | 2,705
| 2,927 |
| | %
| 17 | 18
| 30 | 31
| 22 | 20
| 16 | 18
| 13 |
| Total | Count
| 429,905 | 13,154
| 13,644 | 140,373
| 468,995 | 164,989
| 141,788 | 15,087
| 22,098 |
| | %
| 100 | 100
| 100 | 100
| 100 | 100
| 100 | 100
| 100 |
Source: Labour Force Survey Spring 1998.
* These figures apply to all those who have looked for
a job as an employee within the last four weeks.
Table 5:
THE USE OF PEAs BY UNEMPLOYED MEN AND WOMEN
| |
| Not registered
with a PEA
| Registered
with a PEA
| Total |
| Male | Count
| 629,161 | 230,076
| 859,237 |
| | % within Sex
| 73 | 27
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 56 | 70
| 59 |
| Female | Count
| 493,317 | 98,287
| 591,604 |
| | % within Sex
| 83 | 17
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 44 | 30
| 41 |
| Total | Count
| 1,122,478 | 328,363
| 1,450,841 |
| | % within Sex
| 77 | 23
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 100 | 100
| 100 |
Source: Labour Force Survey Spring 1998.
Table 6:
THE USE OF PEAs ACCORDING TO THE AGE OF THE ILO UNEMPLOYED
| Age |
| Not registered
with a PEA
| Registered
with a PEA
| Total |
| 16-24 years old | Count
| 377,031 | 109,618
| 486,649 |
| | % within years
| 77 | 23
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 34 | 33
| 34 |
| 25-39 years old | Count
| 403,951 | 122,522
| 526,473 |
| | % within years
| 77 | 23
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 36 | 37
| 36 |
| 40-49 years old | Count
| 172,073 | 48,226
| 220,299 |
| | % within years
| 78 | 22
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 15 | 15
| 15 |
| 50-59/64 years old | Count
| 169,423 | 47,998
| 217,421 |
| | % within years
| 78 | 22
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 15 | 15
| 15 |
| Total | Count
| 1,122,478 | 328,364
| 1,450,842 |
| | % within years
| 77 | 23
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 100 | 100
| 100 |
Source: Labour Force Survey Spring 1998.
Table 7:
THE USE OF PEAS ACCORDING TO ETHNIC ORIGIN OF THE ILO
UNEMPLOYED
| Ethnic origin |
| Not registered
with a PEA
| Registered
with a PEA
| Total |
| White | Count
| 987,775 | 279,934
| 1,267,709 |
| | % within Ethnic origin
| 78 | 22
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 88 | 85
| 87 |
| Black—Caribbean | Count
| 18,992 | 8,483
| 27,475 |
| | % within Ethnic origin
| 69 | 31
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 2 | 3
| 2 |
| Black—African | Count
| 17,671 | 8,980
| 26,651 |
| | % within Ethnic origin
| 66 | 34
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 2 | 3
| 2 |
| Black—Other Black groups | Count
| 8,423 | 1,369
| 9,792 |
| | % within Ethnic origin
| 86 | 14
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 1 | 0
| 1 |
| Indian | Count
| 23,329 | 8,534
| 31,863 |
| | % within Ethnic origin
| 73 | 27
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 2 | 3
| 2 |
| Pakistani | Count
| 24,069 | 7,110
| 31,179 |
| | % within Ethnic origin
| 77 | 23
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 2 | 2
| 2 |
| Bangladeshi | Count
| 8,654 | 974
| 9,628 |
| | % within Ethnic origin
| 90 | 10
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 1 | 0
| 1 |
| Chinese | Count
| 6,488 | 1,215
| 7,703 |
| | % within Ethnic origin
| 84 | 16
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 1 | 0
| 1 |
| Other | Count
| 27,076 | 11,366
| 38,442 |
| | % within Ethnic origin
| 70 | 30
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 2 | 3
| 3 |
| Total | Count
| 1,122,477 | 327,965
| 1,450,442 |
| | % within Ethnic Origin
| 77 | 23
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 100 | 100
| 100 |
Source: Labour Force Survey Spring 1998.
Table 8:
THE USE OF PEAs AMONGST THE UNEMPLOYED ACCORDING TO PREVIOUS
OCCUPATIONAL GROUP
Major occupation group
(last job)
| | Not registered
with a PEA
| Registered
with a PEA
| Total |
| 1. Managers and administrators |
Count | 46,559
| 35,003 | 81,562
|
| | % within Major occupation group (last job)
| 57 | 43
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 6 | 13
| 8 |
| 2. Professional occupations |
Count | 20,397
| 14,109 | 34,506
|
| | % within Major occupation group (last job)
| 59 | 41
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 3 | 5
| 3 |
| 3. Associate prof and tech |
Count | 30,266
| 14,259 | 44,525
|
| occupations | % within Major occupation group (last job)
| 68 | 32
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 4 | 5
| 4 |
| 4. Clerical, secretarial | Count
| 99,906 | 48,100
| 148,006 |
| occupations | % within Major occupation group (last job)
| 68 | 32
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 12 | 17
| 14 |
| 5. Craft and related | Count
| 117,168 | 30,223
| 147,391 |
| occupations | % within Major occupation group (last job)
| 79 | 12
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 15 | 11
| 14 |
| 6. Personal, protective | Count
| 115,822 | 21,734
| 137,556 |
| occupations | % within Major occupation group (last job)
| 84 | 16
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 14 | 8
| 13 |
| 7. Sales occupations | Count
| 85,875 | 27,434
| 113,309 |
| | % within Major occupation group (last job)
| 76 | 24
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 11 | 10
| 10 |
| 8. Plant and machine operatives |
Count | 144,564
| 53,778 | 198,342
|
| | % within Major occupation group (last job)
| 73 | 27
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 18 | 19
| 18 |
| 9. Other occupations | Count
| 145,004 | 32,799
| 177,803 |
| | % within Major occupation group (last job)
| 82 | 18
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 18 | 12
| 16 |
| Total | Count
| 805,561 | 277,439
| 1,083,000 |
| | % within Major occupation group (last job)
| 74 | 26
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 100 | 100
| 100 |
Source: Labour Force Survey Spring 1998.
Table 9:
THE USE OF PEAs AMONGST THE UNEMPLOYED ACCORDING TO PREVIOUS
INDUSTRY GROUP
| Standard Industrial Classification 1992
| | Not registered with a PEA
| Registered with a PEA
| Total |
| No ans, outside UK, does not apply, inad |
Count | 325,344
| 52,270 | 377,614
|
| | % within SIC92
| 86 | 14
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 29 | 16
| 26 |
| Primary and utilities | Count
| 17,877 | 3,893
| 21,770 |
| | % within SIC92
| 82 | 18
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 2 | 1
| 2 |
| Manufacturing and construction | Count
| 266,071 | 90,704
| 356,775 |
| | % within SIC92
| 75 | 25
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 24 | 28
| 25 |
| Hotel, wholesale and retail | Count
| 222,811 | 64,063
| 286,874 |
| | % within SIC92
| 78 | 22
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 20 | 20
| 20 |
| Transport | Count
| 51,846 | 21,165
| 73,011 |
| | % within SIC92
| 71 | 29
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 5 | 6
| 5 |
| Financial, real estate, renting and bus |
Count | 62,518
| 47,632 | 110,150
|
| | % within SIC92
| 57 | 43
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 6 | 15
| 8 |
| Public | Count
| 173,495 | 46,946
| 220,441 |
| | % within SIC92
| 79 | 21
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 15 | 14
| 15 |
| Other | Count
| 2,517 | 1,692
| 4,209 |
| | % within SIC92
| 60 | 40
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 0 | 1
| 0 |
| Total | Count
| 1,122,479 | 328,365
| 1,450,844 |
| | % within SIC92
| 77 | 23
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 100 | 100
| 100 |
Source: Labour Force Survey Spring 1998.
Table 10:
THE USE OF PEAs AMONGST THE UNEMPLOYED BY LENGTH OF UNEMPLOYMENT
| When left last job |
| Not registered with a PEA
| Registered with a PEA
| Total |
| Less than 3 months | Count
| 131,648 | 69,941
| 201,589 |
| | % within When left last job
| 65 | 35
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 12 | 21
| 14 |
| 3 months but less than 6 months | Count
| 137,620 | 54,448
| 192,068 |
| | % within When left last job
| 72 | 28
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 12 | 17
| 13 |
| 6 months but less than 12 months | Count
| 132,426 | 52,475
| 184,901 |
| | % within When left last job
| 72 | 28
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 12 | 16
| 13 |
| 1 year but less than 2 years | Count
| 136,312 | 42,086
| 178,398 |
| | % within When left last job
| 76 | 24
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 12 | 13
| 12 |
| 2 years but less than 3 years | Count
| 69,772 | 15,801
| 85,573 |
| | % within When left last job
| 82 | 18
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 6 | 5
| 6 |
| 3 years but less than 4 years | Count
| 55,889 | 12,180
| 68,069 |
| | % within When left last job
| 82 | 18
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 5 | 4
| 5 |
| 4 years but less than 5 years | Count
| 36,418 | 7,834
| 44,252 |
| | % within When left last job
| 82 | 18
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 3 | 2
| 3 |
| 5 years or more | Count
| 227,969 | 35,331
| 263,300 |
| | % within When left last job
| 87 | 13
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 20 | 11
| 18 |
| Never had paid job | Count
| 187,711 | 37,366
| 225,077 |
| | % within When left last job
| 83 | 17
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 17 | 11
| 16 |
| Total | Count
| 1,115,765 | 327,462
| 1,443,227 |
| | % within When left last job
| 77 | 23
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 100 | 100
| 100 |
Source: Labour Force Survey Spring 1998.
Table 11:
THE USE OF PEAS AMONGST THE UNEMPLOYED BY THE TYPE OF
EMPLOYMENT SOUGHT
| Type of employment sought |
| Not registered
with a PEA
| Registered
with a PEA
| Total |
| Full-time employee | Count
| 613,391 | 240,829
| 854,220 |
| | % within Type of employment sought
| 72 | 28
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 55 | 73
| 59 |
| Part-time employee | Count
| 313,537 | 36,442
| 349,979 |
| | % within Type of employment sought
| 90 | 10
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 28 | 11
| 24 |
| Employee—no preference | Count
| 182,169 | 50,652
| 232,821 |
| | % within Type of employment sought
| 78 | 22
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 16 | 15
| 16 |
| Looking for place on government scheme |
Count | 13,382
| 441 | 13,823
|
| | % within Type of employment sought
| 97 | 3
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 1 | 0
| 1 |
| Total | Count
| 1,122,479 | 328,364
| 1,450,843 |
| | % within Type of employment sought
| 77 | 23
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 100 | 100
| 100 |
Source: Labour Force Survey Spring 1998.
Table 12:
WHETHER PRESENT JOB IS TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT BY THE METHOD
OF OBTAINING A PRESENT POST*
| Permanent or temporary job | Reply to advert- isement
| Job Centre | Careers Office
| Jobclub | Private employ- ment agency, business
| Hearing from someone who worked there
| Direct appli- cation
| Some other way |
Total |
Permanent
Count | 391,622
| 109,118 | 7,051
| 2,647 | 79,524
| 346,208 | 182,379
| 111,948 | 1,230,497
|
| % within permanent or temporary job | 32
| 9 | 1
| 0 | 6
| 28 | 15
| 9 | 100
|
| % within current job was obtained (if within last 3 months)
| 82 | 70
| 95 | 86
| 45 | 75
| 82 | 73
| 74 |
Not permanent in some way
Count
| 88,082 | 47,007
| 396 | 416
| 97,770 | 114,086
| 39,814 | 40,419
| 427,990 |
| % within permanent or temporary job | 21
| 11 | 0
| 0 | 23
| 27 | 9
| 9 | 100
|
| % within current job was obtained (if within last 3 months)
| 18 | 30
| 5 | 14
| 55 | 25
| 18 | 27
| 26 |
Total
Count | 479,704
| 156,125 | 7,447
| 3,063 | 177,294
| 460,294 | 222,193
| 152,367 | 1,658,487
|
| % within permanent or temporary job | 29
| 9 | 0
| 0 | 11
| 28 | 13
| 9 | 100
|
| % within current job was obtained (if within last 3 months)
| 100 | 100
| 100 | 100
| 100 | 100
| 100 | 100
| 100 |
Source: Labour Force Survey Spring 1998.
* All employees and people on government schemes who
have been with their current employer for three months or less.
Table 13:
THE REGIONAL USE OF PEAs AMONGST THE UNEMPLOYED
| Residence |
| Not registered
with a PEA
| Registered
with a PEA
| Total |
| The North-East | Count
| 197,787 | 51,317
| 249,104 |
| | % within Residence
| 79 | 21
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 18 | 16
| 17 |
| The Midlands | Count
| 214,048 | 63,519
| 277,567 |
| | % within Residence
| 77 | 23
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 19 | 19
| 19 |
| The South-East | Count
| 318,711 | 120,133
| 438,844 |
| | % within Residence
| 73 | 27
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 28 | 37
| 30 |
| The South-West | Count
| 65,913 | 22,856
| 88,769 |
| | % within Residence
| 74 | 26
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 6 | 7
| 6 |
| The North-West | Count
| 135,412 | 29,515
| 164,927 |
| | % within Residence
| 82 | 18
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 12 | 9
| 11 |
| Wales | Count
| 60,315 | 12,904
| 73,219 |
| | % within Residence
| 82 | 18
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 5 | 4
| 5 |
| Scotland | Count
| 130,292 | 28,118
| 158,410 |
| | % within Residence
| 82 | 18
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 12 | 9
| 11 |
| Total | Count
| 1,122,478 | 328,362
| 1,450,840 |
| | % within Residence
| 77 | 23
| 100 |
| | % within PEA
| 100 | 100
| 100 |
Source: Labour Force Survey Spring 1998
Table 14:
THE USE OF PEAs AMONGST THE UNEMPLOYED BY THEIR HIGHEST
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION
| Highest Educational Qualification
| Not registered
with a PEA
| Registered
with a PEA
| Total |
| Don't know | Count
% within Highest Ed
% within PEA
| 7,394
75
1 |
2,500
25
1 | 9,894
100
1
|
| Higher Education | Count
% within Highest Ed
% within PEA
| 84,772
55
8 |
68,226
45
21 | 152,998
100
11
|
| "A" level of equivalent | Count
% within Highest Ed
% within PEA
| 110,772
70
10 |
47,756
30
15 | 158,528
100
11
|
| Craft and related | Count
% within Highest Ed
% within PEA
| 141,026
76
13 |
43,897
24
13 | 184,923
100
13
|
| "O" level or equivalent | Count
% within Highest Ed
% within PEA
| 224,716
77
20 |
66,121
23
20 | 290,837
100
20
|
| Other | Count
% within Highest Ed
% within PEA
| 216,099
81
19 |
51,477
19
16 | 267,576
100
18
|
| No qualification | Count
% within Highest Ed
% within PEA
| 337,699
87
30 |
48,388
13
15 | 386,087
100
27
|
| Total | Count
% within Highest Ed
% within PEA
| 1,122,478
77
100
| 328,365
23
100 |
1,450,843
100
100 |
Source: Labour Force Survey Spring 1998.
1
The figures are unreliable, as cell size is less than 10,000. Back
2
Shackleton, JR and Unwin, P (1999), "Search methods and
transitions into employment and inactivity, an analysis of linked
records from the Labour Force Survey", International Journal
of Manpower, Vol 20, Nos 3/4. Back
|
