| Type of corruption
| Motive | Methods
| Effects | Effects on citizens
|
| High Level Political Corruption | Attempting to control the political process
| Demanding bribes from the private sector to fund election expenses
Siphoning money from public sector to fund election expenses, promoting political supporters to the public administration, judiciary, police, local government.
| Politicisation of public administration;
Inefficiency in government;
Private investment may be undermined by government officials' demands for payments/bribes;
Resources may go into unproductive activities;
The private sector turns to corruption to get things done
| Undermines political processes;
Reduced trust by the public in the government
|
| Corruption in the Public Administration |
Civil servants seeking extra income for themselves or to pass on to their political supporters (see above)
| Demanding money or other rewards for the performance, or non-performance of their duties, embezzling funds, theft
| Inefficiency in public administration |
Unfair provision of services |
| Corruption in the Legal System | Judges, lawyers seeking extra income. Public officials or private individuals paying bribes to affect legal decisions. Police officers seeking extra income taking bribes from citizens or powerful groups
| Payments of bribes, rewards with judicial or police promotions
| Abuse of judicial process, inefficiency |
Delays or those who cannot pay bribes, abuse of human rights by police in the pay of politicians, powerful business or criminal groups
|
| Local Government Corruption | Officials seeking extra income or in the pay of powerful groups
| Demanding bribes from citizens | Inefficiency
| Inefficiency, poor and unfair service provision
|
| Private sector Corruption | Private companies seeking to gain resources unfairly;
Private companies or individuals seeking enrichment;
Private individuals and companies seeking to avoid legal duties or make funds through crime
| Public private corruption in procurement;
Deliberate bankruptcies and the embezzlement of funds;
Offences like smuggling and tax avoidance deprives the state of funds for the provision of services;
Smuggling and tax avoidance
| Rigging markets and contracts can affect the willingness of other private companies to set up or invest;
Contracts awarded to inefficient bidders affects trust and the willingness of companies to bid without bribing;
Deliberate bankruptcies and embezzlement can affect trust;
Smuggling and tax avoidance deprives the state of funds for the provision of services
| Citizens receive poor service and are defrauded of money and resources, either directly or through private companies misuse of public money
|
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