Annex A
PREVALENCE OF SMOKING CIGARETTES AMONG ADULTS
AGED 16 AND OVER, BY AGE AND GENDER—ENGLAND (1), 1948, AND
1978 TO 1998
Percentages
| Year | All
| 16-19 | 20-24
| 25-34 | 35-49
| 50-59 | 60 and over
|
| Persons |
| 1948(1) | 52
| — | —
| — | —
| — | —
|
| 1978 | 40 |
34 | 44
| 45 | 44
| 44 | 30
|
| 1980 | 39 |
33 | 42
| 45 | 43
| 44 | 28
|
| 1982 | 35 |
31 | 39
| 38 | 38
| 40 | 27
|
| 1984 | 33 |
30 | 37
| 37 | 36
| 39 | 25
|
| 1986 | 32 |
31 | 40
| 36 | 35
| 34 | 25
|
| 1988 | 31 |
28 | 37
| 35 | 35
| 33 | 23
|
| 1990 | 29 |
31 | 39
| 35 | 33
| 27 | 21
|
| 1992 | 28 |
26 | 38
| 34 | 29
| 27 | 19
|
| 1994 | 26 |
28 | 40
| 32 | 29
| 26 | 16
|
| 1996 | 28 |
29 | 39
| 35 | 30
| 27 | 18
|
| 1998 | 27 |
31 | 41
| 34 | 30
| 26 | 15
|
| Men |
| 1948(1) | 65
| — | —
| — | —
| — | —
|
| 1978 | 44 |
35 | 46
| 49 | 47
| 47 | 38
|
| 1980 | 42 |
33 | 44
| 47 | 45
| 45 | 34
|
| 1982 | 37 |
31 | 39
| 40 | 39
| 41 | 32
|
| 1984 | 35 |
28 | 39
| 39 | 38
| 38 | 29
|
| 1986 | 34 |
30 | 41
| 37 | 37
| 34 | 28
|
| 1988 | 32 |
28 | 37
| 37 | 36
| 32 | 25
|
| 1990 | 31 |
28 | 39
| 37 | 34
| 27 | 24
|
| 1992 | 29 |
29 | 39
| 35 | 31
| 27 | 20
|
| 1994 | 28 |
28 | 42
| 34 | 31
| 26 | 17
|
| 1996 | 28 |
25 | 43
| 38 | 30
| 27 | 17
|
| 1998 | 28 |
30 | 42
| 37 | 32
| 26 | 15
|
| Women |
| 1948(1) | 41
| — | —
| — | —
| — | —
|
| 1978 | 36 |
33 | 43
| 41 | 41
| 41 | 24
|
| 1980 | 36 |
32 | 40
| 43 | 41
| 42 | 24
|
| 1982 | 32 |
31 | 39
| 36 | 37
| 38 | 23
|
| 1984 | 32 |
31 | 35
| 35 | 35
| 40 | 22
|
| 1986 | 31 |
31 | 38
| 35 | 33
| 34 | 22
|
| 1988 | 30 |
27 | 37
| 33 | 34
| 33 | 21
|
| 1990 | 28 |
33 | 39
| 34 | 32
| 27 | 19
|
| 1992 | 27 |
24 | 37
| 32 | 28
| 28 | 19
|
| 1994 | 25 |
28 | 38
| 30 | 28
| 26 | 16
|
| 1996 | 27 |
32 | 37
| 33 | 30
| 26 | 18
|
| 1998 | 26 |
33 | 40
| 33 | 28
| 26 | 16
|
| Base 1998 (2) |
| Persons | 12,295
| 624 | 655
| 2,293 | 3,290
| 1,948 | 3,485
|
| Men | 5,629
| 311 | 292
| 1,035 | 1,530
| 914 | 1,547
|
| Women | 6,666
| 313 | 363
| 1,258 | 1,760
| 1,034 | 1,938
|
Notes:
1. 948 data relates to Great Britain.
2. Bases for earlier years are of a similar size.
Sources:
1. 1948 data: UK Smoking Statistics, Wald et al, 1991.
2. 1978 to 1998 data: ONS General Household Survey, 1978
to 1998.
PREVALENCE OF REGULAR SMOKING CIGARETTES AMONG SECONDARY
SCHOOL CHILDREN AGED 11-15 BY GENDER—ENGLAND, 1982 TO 2000
Percentages
| Smoking behaviour and age | 1982
| 1984 | 1986
| 1988 | 1990
| 1992 | 1994
| 1996 | 1998
| 1999 | 2000
|
| All pupils Regular smokers | 11
| 13 | 10
| 8 | 10
| 10 | 12
| 13 | 11
| 9 | 10
|
Boys
regular smokers |
| All ages | 11
| 13 | 7
| 7 | 9
| 9 | 10
| 11 | 9
| 8 | 9
|
| —aged 11 | 1
| 0 | 0
| 0 | 0
| 0 | 1
| 1 | 1
| 1 | 1
|
| —aged 12 | 2
| 2 | 2
| 2 | 2
| 2 | 2
| 2 | 3
| 2 | 2
|
| —aged 13 | 8
| 10 | 5
| 5 | 6
| 6 | 4
| 8 | 5
| 4 | 6
|
| —aged 14 | 18
| 16 | 6
| 8 | 10
| 14 | 14
| 13 | 15
| 10 | 11
|
| —aged 15 | 24
| 28 | 18
| 17 | 25
| 21 | 26
| 28 | 19
| 21 | 21
|
Girls
Regular smokers |
| All ages | 11
| 13 | 12
| 9 | 11
| 10 | 13
| 15 | 12
| 10 | 12
|
| —aged 11 | 0
| 1 | 0
| 1 | 1
| 0 | 0
| 0 | 1
| 0 | 1
|
| —aged 12 | 1
| 2 | 2
| 0 | 2
| 2 | 3
| 4 | 3
| 3 | 2
|
| —aged 13 | 6
| 9 | 5
| 4 | 9
| 9 | 8
| 11 | 9
| 8 | 10
|
| —aged 14 | 14
| 19 | 16
| 12 | 16
| 15 | 20
| 24 | 19
| 15 | 19
|
| —aged 15 | 25
| 28 | 27
| 22 | 25
| 25 | 30
| 33 | 29
| 25 | 26
|
Base
All pupils | 2,979
| 3,658 | 3,189
| 3,018 | 3,121
| 3,295 | 3,045
| 2,854 | 4,728
| 9,333 | 7,061
|
| Boys | 1,460
| 1,928 | 1,676
| 1,489 | 1,643
| 1,662 | 1,522
| 1,445 | 2,317
| 4,791 | 3,654
|
| Girls | 1,514
| 1,689 | 1,508
| 1,529 | 1,478
| 1,626 | 1,523
| 1,409 | 2,411
| 4,542 | 3,407
|
Notes:
1. Regular smokers are defined as those who smoke at
leaest one cigarette a week, on average.
Sources:
1. ONS Smoking, drinking and drug use among young teenagers
in 1998, and 1999
2. NCSR/NFER Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people
in England in 2000.
MAXIMUM DAILY AMOUNT HAD DRUNK LAST WEEK, BY GENDER AND
AGE ENGLAND, 1998
Percentage
Maximum daily amount last week
| All persons | 16-24
| 25-44 | 45-64
| 65+ |
| Men |
| Drunk nothing last week | 25
| 30 | 21
| 21 | 34
|
| Up to 4 units | 38
| 20 | 33
| 42 | 50
|
| More than 4, up to 8 units | 17
| 14 | 18
| 21 | 12
|
| More than 8, up to 12 units | 10
| 13 | 14
| 10 | 2
|
| More than 12 units | 10
| 23 | 15
| 6 | 1
|
| More than 4 units | 38
| 50 | 46
| 37 | 16
|
| More than 8 units | 20
| 36 | 28
| 16 | 4
|
| Base | 5,616
| 600 | 2,066
| 1,811 | 1,139
|
| Women |
| Drunk nothing last week | 41
| 39 | 36
| 38 | 53
|
| Up to 3 units | 39
| 19 | 38
| 46 | 42
|
| More than 3, up to 6 units | 12
| 19 | 16
| 12 | 4
|
| More than 6, up to 9 units | 4
| 11 | 6
| 3 | 0
|
| More than 9 units | 3
| 11 | 5
| 1 | 0
|
| More than 3 units | 20
| 41 | 27
| 16 | 4
|
| More than 6 units | 8
| 22 | 11
| 4 | 1
|
| Base | 6,659
| 677 | 2,479
| 2,006 | 1,497
|
Source: ONS General Household Survey, 1998.
ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION LEVEL (UNITS PER WEEK), BY GENDER
ENGLAND, 1988 TO 1998
Source: ONS General Household Survey, 1998.
PERCENTAGE OF PUPILS WHO HAD DRUNK LAST WEEK, BY AGE AND
GENDER ENGLAND, 1988 TO 1999
| Percentages
|
| | 1998
| 1990 | 1992 |
1994 | 1996 | 1998
| 1999 | Base
(1999)
|
| Total |
Total aged
11-15 | 20
| 21 | 21
| 24 | 27
| 21 | 21
| 9,374 |
| 11 years | 5
| 6 | 6
| 6 | 7
| 3 | 6
| 1,763 |
| 12 years | 9
| 8 | 10
| 9 | 11
| 10 | 9
| 1,913 |
| 13 years | 16
| 18 | 13
| 19 | 24
| 15 | 16
| 1,872 |
| 14 years | 22
| 32 | 29
| 30 | 36
| 29 | 28
| 1,854 |
| 15 years | 40
| 40 | 45
| 50 | 53
| 44 | 45
| 1,972 |
| Boys |
Total aged
11-15 | 24
| 22 | 24
| 26 | 27
| 23 | 22
| 4,816 |
| 11 years | 7
| 8 | 8
| 8 | 7
| 4 | 7
| 882 |
| 12 years | 12
| 9 | 13
| 10 | 12
| 14 | 10
| 1,017 |
| 13 years | 20
| 17 | 15
| 22 | 27
| 16 | 16
| 947 |
| 14 years | 25
| 32 | 32
| 34 | 37
| 28 | 28
| 921 |
| 15 years | 45
| 42 | 49
| 52 | 50
| 48 | 48
| 1,049 |
| Girls |
Total aged
11-15 | 17
| 20 | 17
| 22 | 26
| 18 | 20
| 4,558 |
| 11 years | 4
| 4 | 5
| 4 | 6
| 2 | 4
| 881 |
| 12 years | 7
| 6 | 7
| 9 | 9
| 6 | 8
| 896 |
| 13 years | 11
| 19 | 11
| 16 | 22
| 14 | 17
| 925 |
| 14 years | 19
| 32 | 25
| 26 | 35
| 29 | 28
| 933 |
| 15 years | 36
| 39 | 40
| 48 | 55
| 40 | 41
| 923 |
Source: ONS Drug use, smoking and drinking among young
teenagers in 1999: England.
DEATHS FROM SELECTED CAUSES LINKED TO ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION,
BY GENDER ENGLAND AND WALES, 1988 TO 1999
Numbers
Year | Alcoholic psychoses
| Alcohol dependence syndrome
| Non-dependent abuse of alcohol
| Alcoholic cardio-
myopathy
| Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis
| Toxic effect of alcohol
|
| ICD 9 code1 | 291
| 303 | 305.0
| 425.5 | 5713
| 980 |
| Persons |
| 1988 | 11 |
144 | 141
| 79 | 2,801
| 108 |
| 1989 | 10 |
148 | 124
| 104 | 3,023
| 120 |
| 1990 | 18 |
143 | 111
| 115 | 3,063
| 153 |
| 1991 | 19 |
146 | 118
| 100 | 3,102
| 152 |
| 1992 | 17 |
125 | 134
| 107 | 3,056
| 126 |
| 1993 | 15 |
187 | 138
| 93 | 2,979
| 138 |
| 1994 | 9 |
230 | 139
| 108 | 3,244
| 123 |
| 1995 | 16 |
235 | 130
| 112 | 3,612
| 130 |
| 1996 | 14 |
250 | 144
| 140 | 3,789
| 152 |
| 1997 | 18 |
326 | 150
| 132 | 4,107
| 174 |
| 1998 | 28 |
322 | 164
| 145 | 4,494
| 143 |
| 1999 | 22 |
325 | 158
| 137 | 4,718
| 148 |
| Men |
| 1988 | 9 |
96 | 101
| 59 | 1,494
| 77 |
| 1989 | 5 |
96 | 81
| 77 | 1,614
| 81 |
| 1990 | 13 |
98 | 74
| 100 | 1,680
| 101 |
| 1991 | 15 |
95 | 88
| 79 | 1,747
| 101 |
| 1992 | 12 |
79 | 103
| 89 | 1,753
| 90 |
| 1993 | 10 |
130 | 97
| 78 | 1,701
| 92 |
| 1994 | 9 |
164 | 101
| 81 | 1,900
| 85 |
| 1995 | 12 |
162 | 92
| 90 | 2,148
| 91 |
| 1996 | 10 |
172 | 100
| 116 | 2,261
| 102 |
| 1997 | 15 |
220 | 107
| 114 | 2,463
| 127 |
| 1998 | 19 |
206 | 116
| 116 | 2,771
| 99 |
| 1999 | 13 |
220 | 109
| 109 | 2,904
| 99 |
| Women |
| 1988 | 2 |
48 | 40
| 20 | 1,307
| 31 |
| 1989 | 5 |
52 | 43
| 27 | 1,409
| 39 |
| 1990 | 5 |
45 | 37
| 15 | 1,383
| 52 |
| 1991 | 4 |
51 | 30
| 21 | 1,355
| 51 |
| 1992 | 5 |
46 | 31
| 18 | 1,303
| 36 |
| 1993 | 5 |
57 | 41
| 15 | 1,278
| 46 |
| 1994 | 0 |
66 | 38
| 27 | 1,344
| 38 |
| 1995 | 4 |
73 | 38
| 22 | 1,464
| 39 |
| 1996 | 4 |
78 | 44
| 24 | 1,528
| 50 |
| 1997 | 3 |
106 | 43
| 18 | 1,644
| 47 |
| 1998 | 9 |
116 | 48
| 29 | 1,723
| 44 |
| 1999 | 9 |
105 | 49
| 28 | 1,814
| 49 |
Note:
1 ICD = International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision.
2 The data up to 1992 are based on the year the death was
registered. From 1993 onwards, these data are based on the year
of occurrence.
3 Some of the deaths recorded under ICD 9 571 may not be
attributable to alcohol.
Source: ONS DH2 Mortality Statistics—Cause,
1988-99.
NHS HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS WHERE THERE WAS EITHER A PRIMARY,
OR SECONDARY, DIAGNOSIS OF SELECTED ALCOHOL RELATED DISEASES ENGLAND,
1998-99
| Admissions
|
| Diagnosis (ICD 10) (6)
| All persons (1) |
Males | Females
|
Primary diagnosis
F10 | Mental and behavioural disorders due to alcohol
| 28,700 | 19,600
| 8,800 |
| F10.0 | Acute intoxication |
8,200 | 5,200
| 2,900 |
| F10.1 | Harmful use | 2,600
| 1,700 | 900
|
| F10.2 | Dependence syndrome
| 11,500 | 7,900
| 3,500 |
| F10.3 | Withdrawal state |
3,900 | 3,000
| 900 |
| F10.4 | Withdrawal state with delirium
| 900 | 700
| 200 |
| F10.5 | Psychotic disorder |
500 | 400
| 100 |
| F10.6 | Amnesic syndrome |
200 | 200
| 100 |
| F10.7 | Residual and late-onset psychotic disorder
| 200 | 100
| 100 |
| F10.8 | Other mental and behavioural disorders
| 100 | 0
| 0 |
| F10.9 | Unspecified mental and behavioural disorders
| 600 | 400
| 200 |
| K70 | Alcoholic liver disease
| 9,000 | 6,000
| 3,000 |
| T51 | Toxic effect of alcohol
| 1,900 | 1,100
| 800 |
Primary and secondary diagnosis
F10(3)
| Mental and behavioural disorders due to alcohol
| 78,900 | 56,800
| 21,700 |
| F10.0 | Acute intoxication |
24,100 | 17,500
| 6,500 |
| F10.1 | Harmful use | 14,000
| 9,800 | 4,200
|
| F10.2 | Dependence syndrome
| 31,900 | 22,900
| 8,900 |
| F10.3 | Withdrawal state |
6,500 | 5,000
| 1,500 |
| F10.4 | Withdrawal state with delirium
| 1,400 | 1,100
| 300 |
| F10.5 | Psychotic disorder |
700 | 500
| 200 |
| F10.6 | Amnesic syndrome |
500 | 400
| 100 |
| F10.7 | Residual and late-onset psychotic disorder
| 400 | 300
| 100 |
| F10.8 | Other mental and behavioural disorders
| 100 | 100
| 0 |
| F10.9 | Unspecified mental and behavioural disorders
| 1,200 | 700
| 400 |
| K70 | Alcoholic liver disease
| 19,200 | 13,100
| 6,100 |
| T51 | Toxic effect of alcohol
| 16,600 | 8,700
| 7,900 |
Notes:
1. "All persons" includes those whose sex was
indeterminate or not known.
2. The data include private patients in NHS hospitals
(but not private patients in private hospitals).
3. Patients admitted with a primary diagnosis of one
of the alcohol-related diseases shown, are included both at "primary
diagnosis" and "primary and secondary diagnosis".
Patients admitted with a primary diagnosis not related to alcohol
(eg an injury), but who have an alcohol-related secondary diagnosis
are included at "primary and secondary diagnosis" only.
4. The "Primary and Secondary diagnosis" summary
data for ICD code F10, are less than the sum of the data for the
subdivisions of F10, because a patient may be admitted with more
than one diagnosis within the subdivisions of F10.
5. Data in this table are grossed for both coverage and
unknown/invalid clinical data. They have been rounded to the nearest
one hundred admissions.
6. ICD10 = International Classification of Diseases,
10th Revision; see Annex B for further information.
Source: Department of Health, Hospital Episode Statistics.
THE COSTS OF ALCOHOL MISUSE ENGLAND AND WALES, 1999
| £ million |
| 1. The social cost to industry
|
| (a) sickness absence | 1,401
|
| (b) housework services | 94
|
| (c) unemployment | 323
|
| | Sub total 1,818
|
| 2. Social costs to the NHS
|
| (a) Inpatient costs—direct alcohol diagnosis
| 52 |
| (b) Inpatient costs—other alcohol related diagnosis
| 152 |
| (c) General practice costs | 4
|
| | Sub total 207
|
| 3. Society's response to alcohol-related problems
|
| (a) Expenditure by national alcohol bodies
| 1 |
| (b) Research | 1
|
| | Sub total 2
|
| 4. Social cost of material damage
|
| Road traffic accidents (damage) | 193
|
| 5. Social cost of criminal activities
|
(a) police involvement in traffic offences
(excluding road traffic accidents)
| 9 |
(b) police involvement in road traffic offences
(including judiciary and insurance admin
| 28 |
| (c) drink related court cases |
35 |
| | Sub total 73
|
| Total (excluding unemployment) | 1,970
|
| Total (including unemployment) | 2,293
|
Notes:
1. The original study from which this estimate was obtained provided data at 1994 prices. It has been adapted, and updated to 1999 prices by Dept of Health (EOR).
Source: Godfrey and Hardman
|
NUMBERS OF DRUG MISUSERS IN TREATMENT BY TYPE OF SERVICE
AND AGE 1 APRIL 2000 TO 31 MARCH 2001
| England | numbers
|
| Agency Type | All ages
| Under 25 | 25 and over
|
| England | 118,522
| 37,453 | 81,069
|
| Inpatient | 2,424
| 472 | 1,952
|
| Community: Specialist services | 103,094
| 32,487 | 70,607
|
| Community: General practitioners | 8,180
| 2,692 | 5,488
|
| Structured day programmes | 706
| 209 | 497
|
| Residential rehab | 1,902
| 505 | 1,397
|
| Others | 2,216
| 1,088 | 1,128
|
Source: Regional Drug Misuse Databases.
USERS STARTING AGENCY EPISODES (BY GENDER) AND AGENCY
EPISODES, IN THE PERIODS ENDING 30 SEPTEMBER 1993 TO 30 SEPTEMBER
2000
| England | numbers
|
| | Users
|
| Six month period ending | Persons
| Males | Females
| Agency episodes
(1)
| Ratio of episodes
to users
|
| 30 September 1993 | 16,810
| 12,556 | 4,254
| 17,770 | 1.06
|
| 31 March 1994 | 17,864
| 13,501 | 4,363
| 19,227 | 1.08
|
| 30 September 1994 | 19,331
| 14,443 | 4,888
| 20,875 | 1.08
|
| 31 March 1995 | 20,733
| 15,792 | 4,941
| 22,419 | 1.08
|
| 30 September 1995 | 22,848
| 17,218 | 5,630
| 24,661 | 1.08
|
| 31 March 1996 | 23,313
| 17,680 | 5,633
| 25,131 | 1.08
|
| 30 September 1996 | 24,879
| 18,763 | 6,116
| 27,121 | 1.09
|
| 31 March 1997 | 25,925
| 19,670 | 6,255
| 28,127 | 1.08
|
| 30 September 1997 | 21,996
| 16,463 | 5,533
| 23,121 | 1.05
|
| 31 March 1998 | 23,916
| 18,055 | 5,861
| 25,097 | 1.05
|
| 30 September 1998 | 28,599
| 21,343 | 7,256
| 29,886 | 1.05
|
| 31 March 1999 | 28,499
| 21,428 | 7,071
| 29,889 | 1.05
|
| 30 September 1999 | 30,545
| 22,925 | 7,620
| 32,233 | 1.06
|
| 31 March 2000 | 31,815
| 23,635 | 8,180
| 33,789 | 1.06
|
| 30 September 2000 | 33,093
| 24,332 | 8,761
| 35,482 | 1.07
|
| Percentage change between periods ending 31 March 2000 and 30 September 2000 (2)
| +4.0% | +2.9%
| +7.1% | +5.0%
| |
1. The number of agency episodes is generally greater
than the number of users as a person may start an episode during
the period at more than one agency.
2. There was a change in reporting practice for the period
endng March 2000—RDMDs were specifically asked to exclude
"prison episodes" from their submission of data to DH.
Taking account of these "prison episodes", the number
of episodes increased by around 8 per cent between the periods
ending September 1999 and March 2000 (see also paragraph 2.4).
PROPORTION OF YOUNG PEOPLE AGED 11-15 YEARS WHO HAD USED
DRUGS EVER, IN THE LAST YEAR OR LAST MONTH, BY AGE—ENGLAND,
2000
percentage
Age | Ever used drugs
| Used drugs in the last year
| Used drugs in the last month
| Base |
| All aged 11-15 | 16
| 14 | 9
| 6,855 |
| 11 years | 4
| 3 | 3
| 1,153 |
| 12 years | 6
| 5 | 3
| 1,385 |
| 13 years | 12
| 9 | 5
| 1,392 |
| 14 years | 22
| 20 | 13
| 1,405 |
| 15 years | 32
| 29 | 21
| 1,520 |
Notes:
1. The proportion of 11 and 12 year olds reporting that
they had been offered cocaine seems inconsistent when compared
to answers given by older children, and relative to other drugs
offered. It may be the case that some younger pupils mistakenly
thought that Coke (a street name for Cocaine) referred to cola
drinks.
Source: NCSR/NFER: Smoking, drinking and drug use
among young people in England in 2000.
ESTIMATED ANNUAL COST OF DRUG MISUSE TO THE NHS
| | £ million
|
| General practice | 56.0
|
| A&E Depts | 4.4
|
| Maternity costs | 4.3
|
| Psychotic inpatient episodes due to psychoactive substance use
| 22.8 |
| Non-psychotic inpatient episodes due to psychoactive substance use
| 43.2 |
| Community psychiatric nurses | 27.5
|
| HIV/AIDS | 18.2
|
| Hepatic medicine | 4.8
|
| DH allocation for drug misuse services |
53.2 |
| TOTAL | 234.4
|
Source: Dept of Health (PH3).
|
