Select Committee on Science and Technology Appendices to the Minutes of Evidence

Annex

UK academic staff casualisation 1994-95 to 2000-01

OVERVIEW

  The Association of University Teachers has long been concerned about the use and proliferation of fixed-term contracts and other forms of casual employment in UK higher education. This paper provides information on the extent of casualisation among academic staff. It looks at possible trends in the employment of academic staff, and analyses casualisation in terms of primary employment function, gender, year of entry into employment, age and cost centre.

—  While almost half of academic staff are now on fixed-term contracts, data for the most recent year currently available—2000-01—indicates that the process of increasing casualisation of staff has been halted. It remains to be seen whether this is a temporary or permanent trend.

—  Women are about 30 per cent more likely than men to be employed on a fixed-term contract.

—  For those entering employment in higher education in 2000-01, the proportion given a fixed-term contract was 73 per cent, slightly down from the figure of 74 per cent for 1994-95.

—  In the period 1994-95 to 2000-01, the proportion of research-only fixed-term contract staff aged 30 and above rose from 53 per cent to 63 per cent. This undermines the perception that contract research staff at universities are predominantly young postgraduates or postdoctoral staff undertaking research for a year or two before getting a "proper" job in academia or industry.

—  The use of fixed term contracts for academic staff was highest in science, engineering and technology cost centres.

1.  1994-95

  1994-95 is the first year for which data on academic staff are available for the whole of the unified UK higher education sector. In that year slightly under two-thirds of academic staff were engaged in teaching and research; 29 per cent were engaged in research only; and 10 per cent were engaged in teaching only (table 1.1).

  Overall the ratio of staff on permanent : fixed-term contracts was approximately 60:40, with a relatively small number of staff on "Other" contracts, such as hourly-paid. But within each employment function, there were very different ratios. While the great majority of teaching-and-research academics were on permanent (or open-ended) contracts, the opposite was true for research-only staff. Around two-thirds of teaching-only staff were on permanent contracts.

  For female academic staff, the permanent : fixed-term split was virtually 50:50 in 1994-95 (table 1.2). Their male colleagues enjoyed more secure employment, with around two-thirds on permanent contracts, and one-third on fixed-term contracts (table 1.3). Women were 41 per cent more likely than men to be on a fixed term contract.

  For the 18,000 academic staff entering employment in their institution in 1994-95, three-quarters were employed on a fixed-term contract (table 1.4).

  53 per cent of research-only staff on fixed-term contracts in 1994-95 were aged 30 or above (table 1.5). This undermines the perception that contract research staff in universities are primarily young people employed on fixed-term contracts for a short period of time before entering "regular" employment either in higher education as a teaching-and-research academic, or in industry as a researcher.

  In terms of cost centres and casualisation, science, engineering and technology cost centres in 1994-95 generally had a greater use of fixed-term contracts than cost centres in social sciences, arts and humanities (table 1.6). Although SET cost centres generally employed a greater number of contract research staff compared with other cost centres, this is not always the case: there are, for example, considerable numbers of research-only staff in business and management studies, social studies, language based studies, education, design and creative arts, and humanities in general.

Table 1.1

ALL UK ACADEMIC STAFF 1994-95

Primary employment function	Permanent	Fixed-term contract	Other	Grand Total	N
Teaching only	64 per cent	24 per cent	12 per cent	100 per cent	11,450
Research only	6 per cent	93 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	32,450
Teaching and research	83 per cent	16 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	69,840
Grand Total	59 per cent	39 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	113,735
N	67,485	43,975	2,280

  Source: Higher Education Statistics Agency Individualised Staff Record 1994-95; totals may differ due to rounding.

Table 1.2

FEMALE UK ACADEMIC STAFF 1994-95

Primary employment function	Permanent	Fixed-term contract	Other	Grand Total
Teaching only	56 per cent	29 per cent	15 per cent	100 per cent
Research only	5 per cent	94 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent
Teaching and research	75 per cent	24 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent
Grand Total	49 per cent	48 per cent	3 per cent	100 per cent
N	16,675	16,495	930

  Source: Higher Education Statistics Agency Individualised Staff Record 1994-95; totals may differ due to rounding.

Table 1.3

MALE UK ACADEMIC STAFF 1994-95

Primary employment function	Permanent	Fixed-term contract	Other	Grand Total
Teaching only	68 per cent	21 per cent	11 per cent	100 per cent
Research only	6 per cent	92 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent
Teaching and research	86 per cent	13 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent
Grand Total	64 per cent	34 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent
N	50,795	27,440	1,335

  Source: Higher Education Statistics Agency Individualised Staff Record 1994-95; totals may differ due to rounding.

Table 1.4

TERMS OF EMPLOYMENT FOR STAFF ENTERING EMPLOYMENT 1994-95

Primary employment function	Permanent	Fixed-term contract	Other	Grand Total
Teaching only	29 per cent	48 per cent	23 per cent	100 per cent
Research only	3 per cent	96 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent
Teaching and research	48 per cent	49 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent
Grand Total	22 per cent	74 per cent	4 per cent	100 per cent
N	3,950	13,120	720

  Source: Higher Education Statistics Agency Individualised Staff Record 1994-95; totals may differ due to rounding.

Table 1.5

AGE AND GENDER OF RESEARCH-ONLY ACADEMIC STAFF ON FIXED-TERM CONTRACTS 1994-95

Age group	Female	Male	Grand Total
24 & under	13 per cent	10 per cent	11 per cent
25-29	35 per cent	38 per cent	36 per cent
30-34	23 per cent	28 per cent	26 per cent
35-39	12 per cent	12 per cent	12 per cent
40-44	8 per cent	5 per cent	6 per cent
45-49	5 per cent	3 per cent	4 per cent
50-54	3 per cent	2 per cent	2 per cent
55-59	1 per cent	1 per cent	1 per cent
60-64	0 per cent	1 per cent	1 per cent
65 & over	0 per cent	0 per cent	0 per cent
Unknown age	0 per cent	1 per cent	1 per cent
Grand Total	100 per cent	100 per cent	100 per cent

  Source: Higher Education Statistics Agency Individualised Staff Record 1994-95; totals may differ due to rounding.

Table 1.6

COST CENTRES AND TERMS OF EMPLOYMENT 1994-95 FOR ALL ACADEMIC STAFF (RANKED BY PROPORTION OF EMPLOYEES ON FIXED-TERM CONTRACTS)

Cost centre	Permanent	Fixed-term contract	Other	Grand Total	N
Pharmacology	32 per cent	68 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	535
Clinical Medicine	33 per cent	67 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	13,230
Anatomy and Physiology	40 per cent	60 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	1,530
Veterinary Science	42 per cent	58 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	760
Biosciences	40 per cent	58 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	7,860
Mineral, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering	41 per cent	57 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	1,185
Physics	44 per cent	55 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	3,405
Chemistry	46 per cent	53 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	3,470
Chemical Engineering	44 per cent	53 per cent	3 per cent	100 per cent	810
Pharmacy	52 per cent	48 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	690
Earth, Marine and Environmental Sciences	52 per cent	47 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	2,540
General Engineering	54 per cent	45 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	2,130
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering	53 per cent	44 per cent	3 per cent	100 per cent	3,645
Mechanical, Aero and Production Engineering	54 per cent	43 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	3,615
Psychology and Behavioural Sciences	56 per cent	41 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	2,300
Civil Engineering	57 per cent	41 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	1,795
Continuing Education	56 per cent	41 per cent	3 per cent	100 per cent	585
Clinical Dentistry	64 per cent	35 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	820
Geography	64 per cent	35 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	1,605
Agriculture and Forestry	65 per cent	34 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	1,500
Information Technology and Systems Sciences	66 per cent	33 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	4,870
Health and Community Studies	67 per cent	32 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	1,935
Librarianship, Communication and Media Studies	65 per cent	31 per cent	4 per cent	100 per cent	495
Other Technologies	68 per cent	30 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	955
Social Studies	70 per cent	29 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	9,360
Mathematics	71 per cent	28 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	3,025
General Sciences	72 per cent	27 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	605
Education	70 per cent	27 per cent	3 per cent	100 per cent	5,960
Architecture, Built Environment and Planning	73 per cent	24 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	2,850
Language-based Studies	73 per cent	24 per cent	3 per cent	100 per cent	5,415
Business and Management Studies	74 per cent	23 per cent	3 per cent	100 per cent	7,990
Humanities	76 per cent	22 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	5,145
Nursing and Paramedical Studies	83 per cent	17 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	3,165
Design and Creative Arts	75 per cent	16 per cent	10 per cent	100 per cent	5,675
Catering and Hospitality Management	84 per cent	14 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	690
Grand Total	59 per cent	39 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	113,735

  Source: Higher Education Statistics Agency Individualised Staff Record 1994-95; totals may differ due to rounding. Non-academic cost centres excluded.

2.  1999-2000

  Five years later, in 1999-2000, the total proportion of academic staff on permanent contracts had fallen from 59 per cent to 55 per cent (table 2.1). The proportion of staff on fixed-term contracts had increased in all primary employment functions, by up to four percentage points. The proportion of research staff on fixed-term contracts marginally increased between 1994-95 and 1999-2000, despite the introduction by higher education employers in 1996 of the Concordat, which aimed to improve the careers of contract research staff.

  50 per cent of female academics were now on fixed-term contracts, compared with 48 per cent in 1994-95 (table 2.2). The proportion of males on fixed-term contracts rose from 34 per cent to 38 per cent (table 2.3). Women were 32 per cent more likely than men to be on a fixed-term contract—a slightly lower likelihood than in 1994-95.

  For the 20,000 academics who entered employment at a higher education institution in 1999-2000, 73 per cent were employed on a fixed-term contract—slightly lower than in 1994-95 (table 2.4). Within the total, the proportion of teaching-and-research academics on fixed-term contracts decreased from 49 per cent to 40 per cent. But the proportion of research-only staff given fixed-term contracts—despite the Concordat—increased from 97 per cent to 98 per cent. The proportion of teaching-only academics given permanent contracts sharply declined, while the use of fixed-term contracts and "Other" terms of employment for them increased.

  By 1999-2000, the proportion of research-only fixed term contract staff were aged 30 and above had risen to 61 per cent (table 2.5).

  In line with the overall increase between 1994-95 and 1999-2000 in the number of staff with fixed-term contracts, the extent of the use of these contracts by cost centre also increased (table 2.6). For example, the proportion of academic staff on fixed-term contracts in clinical medicine increased from 67 per cent to 75 per cent over the period; in pharmacology the increase was from 68 per cent to 73 per cent; in veterinary science the increase was from 58 per cent to 64 per cent.

Table 2.1

ALL UK ACADEMIC STAFF 1999-2000

Primary employment function	Permanent	Fixed-term contract	Other	Grand Total	N
Teaching only	48 per cent	28 per cent	24 per cent	100 per cent	12,740
Research only	6 per cent	94 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	41,390
Teaching and research	81 per cent	18 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	80,910
Grand Total	55 per cent	42 per cent	3 per cent	100 per cent	135,035
N	73,880	57,320	3,835

  Source: Higher Education Statistics Agency Individualised Staff Record 1999-2000; totals may differ due to rounding.

Table 2.2

FEMALE UK ACADEMIC STAFF 1999-2000

Primary employment function	Permanent	Fixed-term contract	Other	Grand Total
Teaching only	46 per cent	30 per cent	24 per cent	100 per cent
Research only	4 per cent	95 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent
Teaching and research	76 per cent	23 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent
Grand Total	46 per cent	50 per cent	4 per cent	100 per cent
N	22,440	24,045	1,785

  Source: Higher Education Statistics Agency Individualised Staff Record 1999-2000; totals may differ due to rounding.

Table 2.3

MALE UK ACADEMIC STAFF 1999-2000

Primary employment function	Permanent	Fixed-term contract	Other	Grand Total
Teaching only	50 per cent	27 per cent	23 per cent	100 per cent
Research only	7 per cent	93 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent
Teaching and research	83 per cent	16 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent
Grand Total	59 per cent	38 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent
N	51,445	33,275	2,050

  Source: Higher Education Statistics Agency Individualised Staff Record 1999-2000; totals may differ due to rounding.

Table 2.4

TERMS OF EMPLOYMENT FOR STAFF ENTERING EMPLOYMENT 1999-2000

Primary employment function	Permanent	Fixed-term contract	Other	Grand Total
Teaching only	15 per cent	55 per cent	30 per cent	100 per cent
Research only	2 per cent	98 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent
Teaching and research	58 per cent	40 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent
Grand Total	23 per cent	73 per cent	4 per cent	100 per cent
N	4,675	14,530	760

  Source: Higher Education Statistics Agency Individualised Staff Record 1999-2000; totals may differ due to rounding.

Table 2.5

AGE AND GENDER OF RESEARCH-ONLY ACADEMIC STAFF ON FIXED-TERM CONTRACTS 1999-2000

Age group	Female	Male	Grand Total
24 & under	8 per cent	6 per cent	7 per cent
25-29	32 per cent	31 per cent	32 per cent
30-34	26 per cent	30 per cent	28 per cent
35-39	14 per cent	16 per cent	15 per cent
40-44	8 per cent	8 per cent	8 per cent
45-49	6 per cent	4 per cent	5 per cent
50-54	4 per cent	2 per cent	3 per cent
55-59	2 per cent	2 per cent	2 per cent
60-64	1 per cent	1 per cent	1 per cent
65 & over	0 per cent	0 per cent	0 per cent
Unknown age	0 per cent	0 per cent	0 per cent
Grand Total	100 per cent	100 per cent	100 per cent
Source: Higher Education Statistics Agency Individualised Staff Record 1999-2000; totals may differ due to rounding.

Table 2.6

COST CENTRES AND TERMS OF EMPLOYMENT 1999-2000 FOR ALL ACADEMIC STAFF (RANKED BY PROPORTION OF EMPLOYEES ON FIXED TERM CONTRACTS)

Cost centre	Permanent	Fixed-term contract	Other	Grand Total	Total N
Clinical Medicine	25 per cent	75 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	16,485
Pharmacology	27 per cent	73 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	615
Veterinary Science	36 per cent	64 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	935
Biosciences	36 per cent	63 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	10,370
Anatomy and Physiology	37 per cent	61 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	1,645
Physics	40 per cent	60 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	3,790
Chemistry	41 per cent	59 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	3,965
Mineral, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering	40 per cent	58 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	1,255
Chemical Engineering	44 per cent	56 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	795
Continuing Education	47 per cent	50 per cent	3 per cent	100 per cent	775
Pharmacy	49 per cent	50 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	925
Archaeology	50 per cent	50 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	420
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering	49 per cent	50 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	3,790
Clinical Dentistry	52 per cent	48 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	1,030
Earth, Marine and Environmental Sciences	51 per cent	48 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	2,990
Mechanical, Aero and Production Engineering	51 per cent	48 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	3,540
General Engineering	53 per cent	45 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	2,990
Psychology and Behavioural Sciences	54 per cent	44 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	3,365
Civil Engineering	59 per cent	40 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	1,710
Geography	60 per cent	38 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	1,905
Health and Community Studies	59 per cent	38 per cent	3 per cent	100 per cent	2,760
Agriculture and Forestry	62 per cent	36 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	1,910
Computer Software Engineering	63 per cent	34 per cent	3 per cent	100 per cent	3,300
Mathematics	66 per cent	33 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	3,230
Social Studies	67 per cent	31 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	10,260
Information Technology and Systems Sciences	65 per cent	31 per cent	4 per cent	100 per cent	2,230
Education	64 per cent	31 per cent	5 per cent	100 per cent	6,060
Architecture, Built Environment and Planning	64 per cent	30 per cent	6 per cent	100 per cent	2,665
Other Modern Languages	57 per cent	29 per cent	14 per cent	100 per cent	815
Language-based Studies	67 per cent	29 per cent	4 per cent	100 per cent	3,590
Humanities	72 per cent	25 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	5,330
General Sciences	74 per cent	25 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	135
Business and Management Studies	70 per cent	24 per cent	5 per cent	100 per cent	9,115
French, Spanish & German Modern Languages	71 per cent	24 per cent	5 per cent	100 per cent	1,860
Sports Science and Leisure Studies	74 per cent	23 per cent	3 per cent	100 per cent	860
Librarianship, Communication and Media Studies	69 per cent	23 per cent	8 per cent	100 per cent	1,290
Design and Creative Arts	64 per cent	20 per cent	16 per cent	100 per cent	6,975
Nursing and Paramedical Studies	80 per cent	19 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	7,525
Other Technologies	78 per cent	18 per cent	3 per cent	100 per cent	90
Catering and Hospitality Management	83 per cent	13 per cent	4 per cent	100 per cent	590
Grand Total	55 per cent	42 per cent	3 per cent	100 per cent	135,035

  Source: Higher Education Statistics Agency Individualised Staff Record 1999-2000; totals may differ due to rounding. Non-academic cost centres excluded.

3.  2000-01

  The overall distribution of employment terms for academic staff was unchanged between 1999-2000 and 2000-01 (table 3.1). It is perhaps too early to tell whether this is a one-off deviation from the pattern of steadily increasing casualisation, or whether this marks the beginning of a change in employment policy away from the use (rather, abuse) of fixed-term contracts.

  While the proportion of research-only and teaching-and-research academics on fixed-term contracts decreased over the 12-month period, the proportion of teaching-only staff on fixed-term and "Other" contracts increased slightly.

  The overall ratio for female : male academic staff on fixed term contracts, 50:38, remained the same in 2000-01 as in the previous year (tables 3.2 & 3.3).

  For the 20,000 academic staff entering employment in their current institution in 2000-01, the proportions on permanent and fixed-term contracts were virtually unchanged from the previous year (table 3.4). These data reflect the overall picture for academic employment in table 3.1, indicating that, for 2000-01 at least, the trend of increasing casualisation has been arrested.

  By 2000-01 the proportion of research-only fixed-term staff aged 30 and above had risen to 63 per cent, compared with 53 per cent six years earlier (table 3.5).

  In terms of cost centre, there was very little change between 1999-2000 and 2000-01 in the use of fixed-term contracts (table 3.6)

Table 3.1

ALL UK ACADEMIC STAFF 2000-01

Primary employment function	Permanent	Fixed-term	Other	Grand Total	N
Teaching only	44 per cent	30 per cent	26 per cent	100 per cent	12,100
Research only	6 per cent	94 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	43,485
Teaching & research	82 per cent	17 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	83,600
Grand Total	55 per cent	42 per cent	3 per cent	100 per cent	139,180
N	76,445	59,070	3,665

  Source: Higher Education Statistics Agency Individualised Staff Record 2000-01; totals may differ due to rounding.

Table 3.2

FEMALE UK ACADEMIC STAFF 2000-01

Primary employment function	Permanent	Fixed-term	Other	Grand Total
Teaching only	43 per cent	32 per cent	25 per cent	100 per cent
Research only	5 per cent	95 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent
Teaching & research	77 per cent	22 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent
Grand Total	47 per cent	50 per cent	3 per cent	100 per cent
N	23,940	25,290	1,660

  Source: Higher Education Statistics Agency Individualised Staff Record 2000-01; totals may differ due to rounding.

Table 3.3

MALE UK ACADEMIC STAFF 2000-01

Primary employment function	Permanent	Fixed-term	Other	Grand Total
Teaching only	45 per cent	29 per cent	26 per cent	100 per cent
Research only	7 per cent	93 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent
Teaching & research	84 per cent	15 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent
Grand Total	59 per cent	38 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent
N	52,505	33,780	2,005

  Source: Higher Education Statistics Agency Individualised Staff Record 2000-01; totals may differ due to rounding.

Table 3.4

TERMS OF EMPLOYMENT FOR STAFF ENTERING EMPLOYMENT 2000-01

Primary employment function	Permanent	Fixed-term	Other	Grand Total
Teaching only	15 per cent	56 per cent	29 per cent	100 per cent
Research only	2 per cent	98 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent
Teaching & research	59 per cent	40 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent
Grand Total	23 per cent	73 per cent	4 per cent	100 per cent
N	4,605	14,630	700

  Source: Higher Education Statistics Agency Individualised Staff Record 2000-01; totals may differ due to rounding.

Table 3.5

AGE AND GENDER OF RESEARCH-ONLY ACADEMIC STAFF ON FIXED-TERM CONTRACTS 2000-01

Age	Female	Male	Grand Total
24 and under	8 per cent	5 per cent	7 per cent
25-29	31 per cent	30 per cent	30 per cent
30-34	25 per cent	30 per cent	28 per cent
35-39	14 per cent	17 per cent	16 per cent
40-44	8 per cent	8 per cent	8 per cent
45-49	6 per cent	4 per cent	5 per cent
50-54	4 per cent	3 per cent	3 per cent
55-59	2 per cent	2 per cent	2 per cent
60-64	1 per cent	1 per cent	1 per cent
65 and over	0 per cent	1 per cent	0 per cent
Unknown	0 per cent	0 per cent	0 per cent
Grand Total	100 per cent	100 per cent	100 per cent

  Source: Higher Education Statistics Agency Individualised Staff Record 2000-01; totals may differ due to rounding.

Table 3.6

COST CENTRES AND TERMS OF EMPLOYMENT 2000-01 FOR ALL ACADEMIC STAFF (RANKED BY PROPORTION OF EMPLOYEES ON FIXED TERM CONTRACTS)

Cost centre	Permanent	Fixed-term	Other	Grand Total	Grand Total
Clinical medicine	24 per cent	76 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	17,305
Pharmacology	29 per cent	71 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	585
Biosciences	36 per cent	63 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	11,245
Veterinary science	39 per cent	61 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	970
Physics	39 per cent	61 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	3,935
Anatomy & physiology	39 per cent	61 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	1,625
Chemistry	40 per cent	60 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	4,025
Mineral, metallurgy & materials engineering	41 per cent	58 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	1,280
Chemical engineering	42 per cent	58 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	815
Electrical, electronic & computer engineering	49 per cent	49 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	3,780
Mechanical, aero & production engineering	50 per cent	48 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	3,615
Continuing education	47 per cent	48 per cent	5 per cent	100 per cent	700
Clinical dentistry	53 per cent	47 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	1,055
Earth, marine & environmental sciences	52 per cent	47 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	3,285
Archaeology	53 per cent	47 per cent	0 per cent	100 per cent	435
Pharmacy	53 per cent	46 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	955
General engineering	54 per cent	45 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	2,970
Psychology & behavioural sciences	55 per cent	44 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	3,565
Civil engineering	60 per cent	39 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	1,730
Geography	61 per cent	38 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	1,930
Health & community studies	62 per cent	35 per cent	3 per cent	100 per cent	2,800
General sciences	63 per cent	35 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	55
Agriculture & forestry	65 per cent	33 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	1,570
Mathematics	66 per cent	32 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	3,225
Computer software engineering	65 per cent	32 per cent	3 per cent	100 per cent	3,560
Social studies	66 per cent	32 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	10,635
Architecture, built environment & planning	64 per cent	31 per cent	5 per cent	100 per cent	2,650
Other modern languages	58 per cent	31 per cent	12 per cent	100 per cent	780
Education	67 per cent	30 per cent	4 per cent	100 per cent	6,230
Information technology & systems sciences	67 per cent	29 per cent	4 per cent	100 per cent	2,380
Language-based studies	66 per cent	29 per cent	5 per cent	100 per cent	3,610
Humanities	71 per cent	26 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	5,335
Sports science & leisure studies	73 per cent	25 per cent	2 per cent	100 per cent	950
French, Spanish & German modern languages	71 per cent	25 per cent	4 per cent	100 per cent	1,945
Business & management studies	71 per cent	24 per cent	5 per cent	100 per cent	9,220
Design & creative arts	64 per cent	21 per cent	15 per cent	100 per cent	7,150
Librarianship, communication & media studies	71 per cent	20 per cent	9 per cent	100 per cent	1,520
Nursing & paramedical studies	81 per cent	19 per cent	1 per cent	100 per cent	7,925
Catering & hospitality management	82 per cent	14 per cent	4 per cent	100 per cent	615
Other technologies	89 per cent	7 per cent	4 per cent	100 per cent	55
Grand Total	55 per cent	42 per cent	3 per cent	100 per cent	139,180

  Source: Higher Education Statistics Agency Individualised Staff Record 2000-01; totals may differ due to rounding. Non-academic cost centres excluded.

AUT research

June 2002

  Endnotes

  1.  The Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) only collects information on academic staff employed on at least 25 per cent of a full-time equivalent (FTE) member of staff. It does not collect data on other higher education staff.

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Prepared 20 November 2002