House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 3 Dec 2002 (pt 24)

3 Dec 2002 : Column 726W—continued

Graduates

Mr. Jack: To ask the Secretary of State for Education and Skills if he will publish the results of cost-benefit studies undertaken by his Department in the last five years which show the value of its graduate labour force. [83894]

Margaret Hodge [holding answer 2 December 2002]: The cost-benefit studies we have undertaken relate to the private and social rates of return to a degree. Private rates of return compare the costs and benefits of higher education to individuals, including their contribution towards course costs and post-tax earnings benefits. Social rates of return include these private costs and benefits, but also take into account the costs and benefits to society as a whole. Social rates of return estimate the value to the economy of investment in higher education by, broadly, expressing the net increase in national output relative to the resource cost of the higher education courses. The increase in national output is proxied by the difference in graduates' pre-tax earnings compared to those with only two or more A levels, after taking into account non-wage labour costs, which also reflect the value associated with employing a graduate.

The table provides the results of the studies undertaken in the last five or so years. They show that social rates of return have held up, with current estimates around 8–10 per cent.

Private rates of return to a first degree are higher than social rates. This is primarily because individuals contribute only partially to the costs, but also because social rates are likely to be under-estimates because they exclude social benefits that are difficult to quantify in financial terms, such as health benefits, longer life expectancy, lower infant mortality and reduced crime.

3 Dec 2002 : Column 727W

Private and social rates of return to a first degreePercentage

Current estimates: social Dearing estimates: social Dearing estimates: private

Entrants aged 18 Men and women 9–11 ⁽¹⁸⁾— ⁽¹⁸⁾—

Men 8–10 7–9 11–13

Women 10–12 ⁽¹⁸⁾— ⁽¹⁸⁾—

Entrants all ages Men and women 8–10 7–9 11–14

Men 6–8 6–8 9–11

Women 9–12 8–10 14–17

		Current estimates: social	Dearing estimates: social	Dearing estimates: private
Entrants aged 18	Men and women	9–11	⁽¹⁸⁾—	⁽¹⁸⁾—
	Men	8–10	7–9	11–13
	Women	10–12	⁽¹⁸⁾—	⁽¹⁸⁾—
Entrants all ages	Men and women	8–10	7–9	11–14
	Men	6–8	6–8	9–11
	Women	9–12	8–10	14–17

⁽¹⁸⁾ Not estimated.

Notes:

1. Dearing estimates are based on General Household Survey data for 1989–1995.

2. Current estimates are based on Labour Force Survey data for 1998.

3. The lower figures in each cell assume that only 60 per cent. of the difference in graduate and A level earnings is specifically attributable to having a degree, and the higher figures assume 80 per cent.—the remaining proportion assumed to be attributable to other factors, such as innate ability.

Higher Education Entrants

John Mann: To ask the Secretary of State for Education and Skills what proportion of children whose fathers are coal miners or former coal miners entered higher education in each year since 1997; and how this compares with the national average. [82249]

Margaret Hodge: The available information, showing participation by young people in higher education for each of the standard social class categories, is shown in the following table. Participation rates for individual occupations within these categories are not held centrally. There was an increase in entrant numbers in 1997 related partly to the funding arrangements for higher education, with students choosing to enter HE rather than wait until 1998. There was a corresponding reduction in 1998 before the entry rates started to increase again in 1999.

The Government is committed to raising the participation rates for people from less affluent family backgrounds, and has introduced Excellence Challenge, including the AimHigher campaign, which is targeted at raising attainment and aspirations among young people who traditionally would not consider going to university.

Age Participation Index (API)⁽¹⁹⁾ by social class Great Britain

Per cen.t entering HE in academic year beginning

Social class 1997 1998 1999 2000

I Professional 79 72 73 76

II Intermediate 48 45 45 48

IIIN Skilled non manual 31 29 30 33

HIM Skilled Manual 19 18 18 19

IV Partly skilled 18 17 17 19

V Unskilled 14 13 13 14

I —IIIN 48 45 45 48

IIIM—V 18 17 17 18

All classes 33 31 32 33

Per cen.t entering HE in academic year beginning
Social class	1997	1998	1999	2000
I Professional	79	72	73	76
II Intermediate	48	45	45	48
IIIN Skilled non manual	31	29	30	33
HIM Skilled Manual	19	18	18	19
IV Partly skilled	18	17	17	19
V Unskilled	14	13	13	14
I —IIIN	48	45	45	48
IIIM—V	18	17	17	18
All classes	33	31	32	33

⁽¹⁹⁾ The API is defined as the number of GB domiciled initial entrants to full-time and sandwich undergraduate HEaged under 21, expressed as a percentage of the average number of 18 and 19 year olds in the population.

3 Dec 2002 : Column 728W

Pupil Exclusions

Mr. Derek Wyatt: To ask the Secretary of State for Education and Skills how many units there are to deal with excluded pupils aged under 11 in (a) Kent, (b) East Kent education division, (c) Sittingbourne and (d) Sheppey; and if he will make a statement. [85000]

Mr. Ivan Lewis: Currently, in Kent there is one Dedicated Pupil Referral Unit (PRU) for Key Stage 1 and 2, and five others with provision for Key Stage 1 and 2. These include 1 PRU in East Kent with provision for Key Stages 1 and 2. There are no PRUs with such provision in either Sittingbourne or Sheppey.

The Department is aware of the challenging circumstances in East Kent, and is liaising closely with the Authority to ensure that every excluded child receives an education. Kent has indicated to the Department that every permanently excluded child is currently receiving a suitable, full time education.

School Federations

Helen Jones: To ask the Secretary of State for Education and Skills how many expressions of interest in forming school federations have been received by his Department; and if he will make a statement. [84230]

Mr. Miliband [holding answer 2 December 2002]: We have received 42 expressions of interest to date. Federations have been discussed at a series of conferences across England running from October to December 2002, to which all secondary heads have been invited. The response from these conferences has been very positive.

Teaching Vacancies

Jeremy Corbyn: To ask the Secretary of State for Education and Skills how many teaching vacancies there were in (a) primary and (b) secondary schools in each of the past five years in each London borough. [84120]

Mr. Miliband [holding answer 2 December 2002]: The table shows the numbers of vacancies ¹ in maintained schools in London as at January of each year.

1998 1999 2000

Nursery/primary Secondary Nursery/primary Secondary Nursery/primary Secondary

City of London 0 0 1 0 0 1

Camden 12 2 21 8 17 13

Greenwich 31 22 52 9 16 14

Hackney 51 9 38 30 47 22

Hammersmith and Fulham 35 12 15 8 14 8

Islington 27 15 10 3 20 11

Kensington and Chelsea 17 3 3 6 3 2

Lambeth 6 6 46 12 36 12

Lewisham 31 18 21 8 18 20

Southwark 54 6 47 14 42 30

Tower Hamlets 52 13 80 12 71 26

Wandsworth 29 5 17 12 13 10

City of Westminster 13 4 14 11 15 14

Barking and Dagenham 10 7 12 3 8 9

Barnet 8 14 11 21 29 20

Bexley 1 5 0 7 13 16

Brent 20 8 13 17 5 5

Bromley 11 4 6 7 9 3

Croydon 8 5 25 11 8 28

Ealing 17 30 32 22 14 18

Enfield 11 6 19 9 13 15

Haringey 20 10 20 13 19 14

Harrow 9 2 12 5 24 14

Havering 0 15 3 10 1 17

Hillingdon 15 13 8 19 9 14

Hounslow 8 14 5 10 3 5

Kingston upon Thames 5 1 6 3 1 7

Merton 7 0 5 6 3 13

Newham 61 21 34 3 40 14

Redbridge 7 10 7 7 6 1

Richmond upon Thames 2 1 2 2 3 12

Sutton 4 5 2 5 0 1

Waltham Forest 43 4 2 5 0 4

		1998		1999		2000
	Nursery/primary	Secondary	Nursery/primary	Secondary	Nursery/primary	Secondary
City of London	0	0	1	0	0	1
Camden	12	2	21	8	17	13
Greenwich	31	22	52	9	16	14
Hackney	51	9	38	30	47	22
Hammersmith and Fulham	35	12	15	8	14	8
Islington	27	15	10	3	20	11
Kensington and Chelsea	17	3	3	6	3	2
Lambeth	6	6	46	12	36	12
Lewisham	31	18	21	8	18	20
Southwark	54	6	47	14	42	30
Tower Hamlets	52	13	80	12	71	26
Wandsworth	29	5	17	12	13	10
City of Westminster	13	4	14	11	15	14
Barking and Dagenham	10	7	12	3	8	9
Barnet	8	14	11	21	29	20
Bexley	1	5	0	7	13	16
Brent	20	8	13	17	5	5
Bromley	11	4	6	7	9	3
Croydon	8	5	25	11	8	28
Ealing	17	30	32	22	14	18
Enfield	11	6	19	9	13	15
Haringey	20	10	20	13	19	14
Harrow	9	2	12	5	24	14
Havering	0	15	3	10	1	17
Hillingdon	15	13	8	19	9	14
Hounslow	8	14	5	10	3	5
Kingston upon Thames	5	1	6	3	1	7
Merton	7	0	5	6	3	13
Newham	61	21	34	3	40	14
Redbridge	7	10	7	7	6	1
Richmond upon Thames	2	1	2	2	3	12
Sutton	4	5	2	5	0	1
Waltham Forest	43	4	2	5	0	4

3 Dec 2002 : Column 729W

2001 2002

Nursery/primary Secondary Nursery/primary Secondary

City of London 0 0 0 0

Camden 30 27 13 16

Greenwich 22 39 23 36

Hackney 51 45 21 38

Hammersmith and Fulham 15 28 37 44

Islington 38 13 17 20

Kensington and Chelsea 19 16 2 5

Lambeth 35 10 32 19

Lewisham 33 35 36 23

Southwark 62 33 13 8

Tower Hamlets 96 55 66 13

Wandsworth 22 25 18 24

City of Westminster 35 12 10 15

Barking and Dagenham 13 10 0 5

Barnet 55 41 26 15

Bexley 35 47 5 42

Brent 8 15 21 27

Bromley 26 35 10 19

Croydon 29 46 13 28

Ealing 13 53 21 19

Enfield 29 33 27 33

Haringey 22 19 30 26

Harrow 32 24 29 23

Havering 0 38 6 10

Hillingdon 16 30 27 24

Hounslow 4 14 19 52

Kingston upon Thames 9 12 3 12

Merton 2 11 7 6

Newham 52 49 26 16

Redbridge 9 31 4 6

Richmond upon Thames 9 18 6 19

Sutton 0 10 4 15

Waltham Forest 0 7 24 17

		2001		2002
	Nursery/primary	Secondary	Nursery/primary	Secondary
City of London	0	0	0	0
Camden	30	27	13	16
Greenwich	22	39	23	36
Hackney	51	45	21	38
Hammersmith and Fulham	15	28	37	44
Islington	38	13	17	20
Kensington and Chelsea	19	16	2	5
Lambeth	35	10	32	19
Lewisham	33	35	36	23
Southwark	62	33	13	8
Tower Hamlets	96	55	66	13
Wandsworth	22	25	18	24
City of Westminster	35	12	10	15
Barking and Dagenham	13	10	0	5
Barnet	55	41	26	15
Bexley	35	47	5	42
Brent	8	15	21	27
Bromley	26	35	10	19
Croydon	29	46	13	28
Ealing	13	53	21	19
Enfield	29	33	27	33
Haringey	22	19	30	26
Harrow	32	24	29	23
Havering	0	38	6	10
Hillingdon	16	30	27	24
Hounslow	4	14	19	52
Kingston upon Thames	9	12	3	12
Merton	2	11	7	6
Newham	52	49	26	16
Redbridge	9	31	4	6
Richmond upon Thames	9	18	6	19
Sutton	0	10	4	15
Waltham Forest	0	7	24	17

⁽²⁰⁾ Advertised vacancies for full-time permanent appointments (or appointments of at least one term). Includes vacancies filled on a temporary basis for less than one term.

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