 House of Commons |
Session 2003 - 04 Publications on the internet Other Bills before Parliament Arrangement of Clauses (Contents) |
| Higher Education Bill |
|
These notes refer to the Higher Education Bill as introduced in the House of Commons on 8 January 2004 [Bill 35] HIGHER EDUCATION BILLEXPLANATORY NOTESINTRODUCTION 1. These explanatory notes relate to the Higher Education Bill as introduced in the House of Commons on 8 January 2004. They have been prepared by the Department for Education and Skills in order to assist the reader of the Bill and to help inform debate on it. They do not form part of the Bill and have not been endorsed by Parliament. 2. The notes need to be read in conjunction with the Bill. They are not, and are not meant to be, a comprehensive description of the Bill. So where a clause or part of a clause does not seem to require any explanation or comment, none is given. BACKGROUND 3. This Bill is intended to assist in the implementation of a number of policies set out in the White Paper The future of higher education (Cm 5735), published on 22 January 2003 and available on the website www.dfes.gov.uk/highereducation, which set out the Government's position on higher education as a whole. Further detail on proposals to create an Office for Fair Access was contained in Widening participation in higher education, published on 8 April 2003, and available on the same website. The Bill also contains provisions relating to two areas not covered by the White Paper: the provision of new powers to share information relating to student support, and the devolution of the tuition fee regime and student support in relation to Wales to the National Assembly for Wales. Territorial Coverage 4. Part 1 of the Bill extends to England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Provisions on information sharing apply to students in England and Wales, and student support authorities in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. [Bill 35—EN] 53/3 Provisions on the effect of bankruptcy extend to England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Provision to amend section 22(3) of the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 extends to England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The remainder of the Bill extends to England and Wales only. 5. Annex A provides further detail on the provisions that affect the powers of the National Assembly for Wales. Abbreviations 6. Annex B contains a list of all abbreviations of terms used in these notes. OVERVIEW 7. The Bill is divided into 5 Parts. 8. Part 1 makes provision relating to a new Arts and Humanities Research Council (which is to be set up by Royal Charter) and the funding of arts and humanities research. 9. Part 2 (including Schedules 1 to 4) deals with the review of student complaints. 10. Part 3 (including Schedule 5) permits institutions to charge variable fees and, providing they have an approved plan, fees above a basic rate. 11. Part 4 includes provisions to transfer functions to the National Assembly for Wales, and provisions to prevent student loans being written off on discharge from bankruptcy, as well as amendments to allow loans in respect of money owed by students to universities to be paid to the latter so as to facilitate deferral of fee payments by students. It also includes provision about the disclosure of information. 12. Part 5 (including Schedules 6 and 7) contains miscellaneous and general provisions. SUMMARY Part 1 - Research in Arts and Humanities 13. This Part enables the existing Arts and Humanities Research Board to be replaced by a research council, to be established by Royal Charter, equivalent to the research councils dealt with in the Science and Technology Act 1965. As with the existing research councils, the new council will operate throughout the UK and will be a reserved matter for the purposes of the Scotland Act 1998 and the Northern Ireland Act 1998. This Part also makes provision for the direct funding of arts and humanities research in addition to that which may be funded through the new council. Part 2 - Review of Student Complaints 14. This Part allows the Secretary of State or the National Assembly for Wales to designate a body corporate providing a scheme for reviewing student complaints, which higher education institutions in England and Wales will then be required to use. The provisions of this Part set out conditions which must be met by the body corporate and the scheme which it provides, and duties with which a designated body must comply. 15. At present, students in some universities may appeal only to their university's Visitor (a person with a common law role to supervise the domestic affairs of that institution) about unresolved student complaints. The provisions will end the jurisdiction of university Visitors over student complaints. Part 3 - Student Fees in Higher Education 16. Student fees - At present, under section 26 of the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998, the fee which higher education institutions (HEIs) charge for full-time undergraduate students in a given year is determined by the maximum fee remission grant for that year, as prescribed under section 22 of that Act. The Bill enables HEIs to set their own fees, up to a basic amount specified in regulations, which would no longer be linked to the level of grant for fees. Institutions that wish to charge fees above this rate will only be able to do so if they have in force a plan under this Part of the Bill, approved by the relevant authority. For England the relevant authority will be a new Director of Fair Access to Higher Education. For Wales, it will be a body to be designated by the National Assembly for Wales. If institutions have such a plan, they will be able to charge up to a higher amount (within the bounds of their plan), also specified in regulations. It is intended that loans will be made available, on an income-contingent basis and with no real rate of interest, to allow students to defer payment of fees. 17. Director of Fair Access to Higher Education - This Part of the Bill creates a new office-holder, the Director of Fair Access to Higher Education. His or her office will informally be known as the Office for Fair Access (OFFA). The Director's role will be approving and monitoring plans made by institutions in England that wish to set fees higher than the basic amount. The matters to be covered by these plans - which will remain in force for up to five years - will be specified in regulations. Should an institution breach its plan, the Director may choose not to renew that plan or, where there is need for more immediate action, may direct the Higher Education Funding Council for England or the Teacher Training Agency to impose financial requirements, including reducing its grant to that institution. Part 4 - Student Support 18. Transferring functions to the National Assembly for Wales - Most of the Secretary of State's functions in relation to education have already been transferred, as respects Wales, to the National Assembly. The Bill makes provision for the majority of functions related to student support which are at present not transferred, as well as responsibility for policy on tuition fees, to be transferred from the Secretary of State for Education and Skills to the National Assembly for Wales. 19. Preventing student loan debt forming part of a bankrupt's estate - The Bill will make it possible to prevent student loan debt being written off on discharge from bankruptcy. 20. Facilitating the deferral of payment of tuition fees - The Bill contains a measure to support the deferral of the payment of tuition fees, by allowing loan payments to be made directly to institutions, so that they can receive fee payments up front and students can repay later. 21. Supply of information - This provision will give the Secretary of State powers to make regulations empowering specified supply of data to higher education institutions or other bodies exercising functions of a public nature. Part 5 - General 22. This Part contains supplementary provisions. COMMENTARY ON SECTIONS AND SCHEDULES Part 1 - Research in Arts and Humanities 23. Research in the arts and humanities is at present partly funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Board (AHRB). This is a company limited by guarantee which has charitable status, and receives its funding through the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the Higher Education Funding Council for Wales, the Scottish Higher Education Funding Council, and the Department for Employment and Learning in Northern Ireland. 24. Research in the sciences and social sciences is at present partly funded by seven research councils established by Royal Charter. These research councils receive money from the Office of Science and Technology under the Science and Technology Act 1965. That Act also contains various other provisions relating to the existing research councils, including requirements to keep accounts and records, and to provide reports to the Secretary of State. 25. The intention is to put arts and humanities research on the same footing as research in the sciences and social sciences, and so a new Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) is to be established by Royal Charter. This Council will take over the funding of research in the arts and humanities that is currently carried out by the AHRB. Part 1 of the Bill contains provisions relating to the AHRC which are similar to those in the Science and Technology Act 1965 relating to the existing research councils. 26. Amongst these provisions of the Bill, clause 3 authorises the Secretary of State to fund the AHRC. This funding will be provided through the Office of Science and Technology, as is the case for the existing research councils. 27. Clause 2 provides for the transfer of the property, rights, and liabilities of the existing AHRB to the new Research Council. 28. Clause 7 makes the AHRC a reserved matter in respect of Northern Ireland. It is intended that the AHRC should be a reserved matter in respect of Scotland as well. This is to be achieved by an Order in Council under section 30 of the Scotland Act 1998. As regards Wales, functions in respect of the AHRC are not to be exercisable by the National Assembly. As a result, the United Kingdom government will remain exclusively responsible for the AHRC. 29. Clause 10 also gives the Secretary of State the power to fund directly arts and humanities research, in addition to that which may be funded by the AHRC itself. Corresponding power is provided for the National Assembly for Wales, the Scottish Ministers, and the relevant department in Northern Ireland, in relation to Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland respectively. Part 2 - Review of student complaints 30. Those universities and colleges which were originally established by Royal Charter have Visitors who exercise a supervisory role over an institution's domestic affairs, including ruling on complaints by students which cannot be resolved through an institution's internal procedures. The Visitor of most universities is the Crown acting through the Lord Chancellor or the Lord President of the Privy Council. Other Visitors are eminent people who are either specified in the Charter or appointed by the governing body. Rulings of the Visitor are binding on institutions and courts will only intervene in such matters in very limited circumstances. New universities and higher education colleges do not have Visitors and unresolved complaints by students can be taken to the courts. 31. Clause 19 provides that Visitors of qualifying institutions will no longer have any jurisdiction over student complaints, including complaints about admissions to qualifying institutions as a student. 32. Clause 13 gives the Secretary of State and the National Assembly for Wales the power to designate a body corporate that operates a student complaints scheme for England or Wales respectively. The scheme must provide for the review of qualifying complaints as defined by clause 12. These are complaints against qualifying institutions which are made by individuals as students or former students at those institutions (or students studying towards an award from a qualifying institution), except those which relate to matters of academic judgement. The complaint must relate to the acts or omissions of the qualifying institution. Clause 11 sets out the qualifying institutions that will be subject to the scheme, which include all universities in England and Wales, constituent colleges of universities such as the colleges of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, higher education corporations and institutions designated by the Secretary of State or the National Assembly for Wales as eligible to receive funds administered by a higher education funding council. 33. Clause 13 sets out certain conditions that must be met before the Secretary of State, or the National Assembly, may designate a body that operates a student complaints scheme. These conditions include a requirement for the body in question to comply with Schedule 1 and for the provisions of the scheme that it operates to comply with Schedule 2. The reviewer of student complaints under the scheme may make recommendations to an institution, which are non-binding. Paragraph 12 of Schedule 2 enables the Secretary of State, or the National Assembly for Wales, to amend the Schedule by regulations. These powers will enable the Schedule to be modified (for example, in order to respond to changing circumstances or to make the scheme more effective). In this Part of the Bill a body that is designated under clause 13 is referred to as the "designated operator" (see subsection (5)(b) of that clause). A scheme may relate to institutions other than qualifying institutions. Where this is the case, the provisions of the scheme that apply to complaints against other institutions do not need to meet the requirements of Schedule 2. Clause 17 provides privilege in relation to defamation in connection with the review of student complaints. 34. Clause 15 requires the governing bodies of qualifying institutions to participate in the scheme provided by a designated operator. This means complying with any obligation placed on them by the scheme (including any obligation in respect of payments to the operator). 35. Clause 14 provides that as long as a body remains the designated operator it must comply with the duties set out in Schedule 3. 36. Clause 16 and Schedule 4 give the Secretary of State and the National Assembly for Wales the power to terminate the designation of a body as the designated operator in certain circumstances. Schedule 4 provides that the Secretary of State or the National Assembly for Wales can give notice of termination if the operator no longer meets the conditions for designation. The designated operator may also give notice of its intention to cease operating the scheme. Where an agreement or notice to terminate an operator's designation has been made or given, or the operator has ceased to exist, the Secretary of State, or the National Assembly for Wales, can make alternative transitional provision, including provision as to payments, by regulations under clause 18. Part 3 - Student Fees in Higher Education Imposition of conditions as to fees 37. Clauses 22 and 23 replace section 26 of the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 in relation to England (for provision relating to Wales see clauses 25 and 26). They enable the Secretary of State, when making grants to the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) or the Teacher Training Agency (TTA), to impose a condition that the body to which the grant is made, when making a grant to an institution, in turn imposes the following condition:
38. The condition must set out that, for institutions with an approved plan, if the fee limit in the plan is exceeded, HEFCE or TTA are to impose financial sanctions at the direction of the Director of Fair Access to Higher Education relating to the institution's grant, unless fees exceed the higher amount. In that case, in addition to any sanction imposed by the Director, HEFCE may impose sanctions, the principles governing which will be set out by the Secretary of State. In addition, where the conditions of the plan other than those relating to fee levels are breached, the Director may direct HEFCE or TTA to impose financial requirements. 39. Similarly, HEFCE may impose sanctions on any institution without an approved plan which charges fees higher than the basic amount. 40. Clause 23(6) provides that the basic and higher amounts are to be prescribed by regulations made by the Secretary of State. Clause 24 requires that the first regulations setting these amounts must be approved by resolutions of the House of Commons and House of Lords. Any subsequent regulations that increase those amounts by more than is needed to keep up with inflation would also have to be approved by resolutions of both Houses. 41. Clauses 25 and 26 provide for an equivalent system in Wales, where the National Assembly may impose an equivalent condition on the Higher Education Funding Council for Wales, and in place of the Director, a plan must be approved by the relevant authority, a body which the National Assembly may designate as set out in clause 28. The power to designate the relevant authority in Wales includes power to modify any enactment as necessary or expedient in connection with the designation. This is to ensure that whatever body the Assembly may choose to designate is able to carry out its functions effectively. 42. Clause 27 re-enacts provisions in section 26 of the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 covering the exclusion of international students from the provisions limiting fees, restrictions on the Secretary of State's power to discriminate between certain classes of courses in prescribing descriptions of courses covered by these clauses, and disapplying some elements of previous Acts with respect to these clauses. Plans authorising fees of more than the basic amount 43. Before higher fees can be charged, a plan will have to be approved by either the Director of Fair Access to Higher Education (in England), or the body specified by the National Assembly for Wales. The Director and any body specified by the National Assembly are referred to in Part 3 of the Bill as the "relevant authority" (see clause 28). The Secretary of State (or the National Assembly) is to have the power to make regulations setting out what must be contained in these plans. The plan will have to make clear what the maximum fee charged for each course will be. Clause 29 creates the Director of Fair Access to Higher Education to operate this system in England, and clause 30 requires him to perform his duties in such as a way as to promote and safeguard fair access to higher education. 44. Clause 31(4)(a) allows regulations to require institutions to include in their plans provision for outreach measures. These are measures, such as the provision of summer schools or work with schools and colleges, which are designed to widen participation by attracting students who might otherwise not consider entering higher education at all or not consider applying to particular institutions. The provision is not intended to have a strict statistical interpretation. 45. Examples are given in clause 31 of other matters which regulations may require to be included in the plans, such as requiring financial assistance to be provided to students or requiring the institution to set out its own objectives. 46. Clause 32 provides that the relevant authority must exercise its functions in accordance with regulations which may, in particular: prescribe cases where a plan must, or may not, be approved; or specify what the relevant authority must, or may not, have regard to. Regulations under this clause may also require institutions to publish their plans. The relevant authority may issue guidance to institutions. 47. Clauses 33 and 34 enable regulations to set out the maximum period a plan can be in force, and enable plans to be varied with the approval of the relevant authority. Plans must specify the period during which they are to be in force. 48. Clause 35 provides that the Director may, if an institution breaches the conditions of its plan, direct HEFCE or TTA to impose financial sanctions relating to their grant on the institution, or refuse to renew the plan for a specified length of time. 49. The Secretary of State may make regulations setting out the nature of the financial penalties the Director may apply, and the procedures for using these sanctions. 50. Clause 36 provides that, in Wales, the relevant authority may refuse to renew a plan for a specified length of time if the conditions of the plan are breached. This is in addition to any financial requirements that may be imposed by HEFCW under clause 26. Supplementary 51. Clause 37 provides that HEFCE or TTA will be required to provide information to the Director as requested, and likewise the Director will have to provide information to HEFCE and TTA at their request. 52. Schedule 5 sets out detailed arrangements regarding the Director of Fair Access. It contains detailed provisions regarding the arrangements for his appointment and dismissal. These include provision that the appointment is to be for no more than three years at a time, and provision conferring on him the power to appoint staff. It also gives the Secretary of State power to fund the Director, and requires the Director to keep proper accounts. 53. The Schedule also requires the Director to provide the Secretary of State with an annual report on how the Director has performed his functions. The Secretary of State must lay a copy of the report before Parliament. The Director must then publish the report. Special reports can also be required from the Director by the Secretary of State, dealing with matters related to access to higher education. For instance, a report could be requested asking for an overview of the effect of plans on widening participation over a specified period. Part 4 - Student Support Effect of bankruptcy 54. In England and Wales, student loans are currently provided under regulations made under section 22 of the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998. Previously, student loans were provided under arrangements made under the Education (Student Loans) Act 1990. Although loans can no longer be provided under the 1990 Act, some loans made under it are still outstanding. 55. In clause 39, subsection (1) inserts a new paragraph (f) into section 22(3) of the 1998 Act. With this new paragraph, it will be possible for regulations under section 22 to include provision relating to the effect of bankruptcy on the liability to repay student loans provided under the 1998 Act. It is intended to use this power to ensure that the liability to repay student loans is not cancelled by the bankruptcy of the borrower. Regulations under section 22(3)(e) of the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 already provide that funds advanced under student loans cannot be taken by a student's trustee in bankruptcy to pay off other debts. By virtue of clause 39(2), the new paragraph (f) will extend to Northern Ireland, as well as to England and Wales. Subsections (3) and (4) of clause 39 make amendments of the Education (Student Loans) Act 1990 relating to the effect of bankruptcy. 56. The changes made by clause 39 will not affect the position of any borrower whose bankruptcy commences before the clause comes into effect. 57. By virtue of section 281 of the Insolvency Act 1986, when a bankrupt is discharged, he is released from all his bankruptcy debts. The amendment to section 22 of the 1998 Act, together with the regulations proposed to be made under section 22 as amended, and the amendment of the Education (Student Loans) Act 1990, will have the effect of excluding student loans from bankruptcy debt. It follows that student debt in relation to both types of loan will not be written off on discharge from bankruptcy. Other amendments of Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 58. Clause 40 makes two further amendments to section 22 of the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998. Subsection (2) amends subsection (2)(i) of section 22. It provides that a loan payable to a student may be paid direct to the institution at which the student is studying. Where the loan is being provided to cover fees, rather than living costs etc., it may be desirable to pay it direct to the institution concerned. This is a key part of the machinery for students to defer payment of their fees by providing income contingent loans on which no interest will be charged in real terms. 59. Subsection (3) amends section 22 of the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 by omitting subsection (7) of that section, thereby removing the requirement for affirmative resolution procedure in the case of regulations raising any grant in respect of fees by more than the rate of inflation. In the 1998 Act, the maximum amount of the grant actually sets the fee itself, so this requirement was intended to prevent the fee being raised by more than inflation without an affirmative resolution. In this Bill, the basic and higher amounts are set independently of the grant for fees, and affirmative resolution procedure is required for any above inflation increases of the fees. This means that it is no longer necessary to apply the affirmative resolution procedure to any grant in respect of fees in order to preserve the original intent. This change will mean that the level of grant for fees is treated in the same way as other amounts in the student support regulations. |
| |
| © Parliamentary copyright 2004 | Prepared: 8 January 2004 |