10. Memorandum submitted by Christian
Aid
SUMMARY OF
RECOMMENDATIONS
Key recommendations
— Comprehensive HIV-prevention programmes
should remain the top priority, as the most effective long-term
way of reducing orphan numbers.
— Donors, including the UK government,
should urgently ensure US$10 billion is available globally for
HIV work by 2005 and US$15 billion by 2007. (In 2003, less than
US$5 billion was available.) This includes at least US$900 million
for support for orphans and vulnerable children. Increases in
HIV funding must not reduce funds for other development work.
— NGOs and national governments should
support community-based programmes for supporting orphans and
other vulnerable children.
Recommendations to prevent a worsening orphan
crisis
— Comprehensive HIV-prevention programmes
should remain the top priority, as the most effective long-term
way of reducing orphan numbers.
— Anti-retroviral treatment extends
the lives of parents. If the global target of treating three million
people by the end of 2005 becomes reality, the future orphan crisis
will be less severe.
— Donors, including the UK government,
should urgently ensure US$10 billion is available globally for
HIV work by 2005 and US$15 billion by 2007. (In 2003, less than
US$5 billion was available.) This includes at least US$900 million
for support for orphans and vulnerable children. Increases in
HIV funding must not reduce funds available for other development
work.
— The UK government should contribute
£750 million a year to HIV work (without reducing other development
budgets), as part of pledging 0.7% of GNP in aid, by 2008.
— National governments and international
economic advisers should consider the likely economic impact of
the HIV epidemic, before deciding on macroeconomic policies.
Recommendations for supporting orphans and vulnerable
children (OVCs)
General recommendations
Programmes should:
— consider children's emotional, as
well as material, needs;
— facilitate and support local priorities,
knowledge and initiatives;
— include children and young people
as active participants in their design, and facilitate their support
for each other;
— consider the different needs of boys
and girls, women and men;
— consider the needs of teenagers,
as well as small children;
— integrate prevention, care and OVC-support
activities;
— address the stigma caused by HIV;
— Fund operational research on orphan
care and support;
— target all vulnerable children, rather
than only "AIDS orphans";
— care for OVCs as far as possible
in the community rather than in orphanages.
Support for families and communities
NGOs, national and regional governments and
international agencies should:
— make extra income available for extended
families supporting OVCs;
— facilitate and fund income-generation
activities;
— provide nutritional support directly
to vulnerable children;
— give OVCs (particularly those in
child-headed households) practical help to access available support
such as Government grants;
— prioritise life and survival skills
for young people, including HIV prevention;
— prioritise counselling for HIV-positive
parents, as well as vulnerable children and teenagers;
— encourage "succession planning",
eg, will-making;
— support community programmes, which
should build on existing community initiatives, build awareness
of HIV, facilitate community discussion on future strategies and
improve access to income-generating activities.
Support by national Governments
National governments should:
— have a national strategy on OVCs,
if there is a generalised HIV epidemic;
— use the United Nations Convention
on the Rights of the Child as a framework for the strategy;
— encourage birth registration to facilitate
access to services;
— facilitate access to education in
its broader sense for OVCs (including skills training), by abolishing
fees or supporting costs, providing free school meals, training
teachers to spot abuse and provide counselling, using the school
setting for other services;
— facilitate access to healthcare and
nutrition, by abolishing fees or supporting costs for OVCs, child-feeding
centres for vulnerable under-fives, home-based care teams to identify
OVC needs;
— protect the most vulnerable children
through legal protection, support for child-headed households
and street children, and protection from violence and abuse.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Christian Aid is the official development
agency of 40 British and Irish churches, working for social justice
and poverty eradication with local partner organisations (of all
faiths and none) in more than 50 countries.
1.2 Christian Aid has worked with partner
organisations on HIV prevention, care and support of those affected
for over a decade. For the last few years it has considered the
HIV epidemic to be so important that it has made work on HIV one
of its two organisational priorities. Christian Aid works with
over 100 partner organisations on HIV, and over 20 of these state
that support of orphans and vulnerable children (OVCs) is one
of their aims. Christian Aid has also recently carried out qualitative
research on HIV and poverty in western Kenya. In this evidence
we draw on both our programme experience and on the research.
The evidence is in two parts—first, we discuss ways of preventing
the orphan crisis deepening, in the context of poverty; second,
we outline some policy recommendations for programmes, based on
the experience of our partner organisations.
PREVENTING THE
ORPHAN CRISIS
FROM DEEPENING
2. The extent of the HIV epidemic and the
orphan issue
2.1 The global HIV and orphan situation
will be familiar to the Committee, and it is only summarised briefly
here. Forty million people are now HIV-positive worldwide. Every
day, nearly 8,500 people die of AIDS and 14,000 people become
newly infected with HIV. And every day more than 6,000 children
are left without one or both parents. A third of them are under
five years old.[135]
2.2 HIV affects every continent, but the
orphan problem becomes visible only once it is at an advanced
stage in a continent. This is already happening in Africa. In
Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe, more than one in five
children will be orphaned by 2010, and for most of these the reason
will be AIDS.
3. Poverty and the economic impact of HIV
Poverty and orphans at the household and community
level
3.1 HIV is fuelled by poverty. The effects
of HIV, compared with other epidemics, are especially pronounced
because it disproportionately affects the adult wage-earners.
HIV may tip some households into poverty, and where a household
is already poor the impact may be devastating. This was demonstrated
by a recent Christian Aid case study conducted in the sugar belt
of western Kenya[136],
where HIV prevalence is over 20%. Caring for orphans is one of
the issues that is much more difficult in poor areas.
3.2 It is a commonly held belief that the
social safety net of the extended family in Africa will bear the
brunt of the problem of orphan care, and, indeed, extended families
are already caring for 90% of all orphans. [137]However,
the Kenyan study, carried out in a poor area, with a high prevalence
of HIV, showed that this traditional community care is becoming
impossibly stretched. Interviewees reported that OVCs are no longer
receiving their previous level of care. Child-headed households
and street children have increased, and these children can be
vulnerable to exploitation, violence and abuse. This in itself
makes them vulnerable to HIV infection. One interviewee said:
"The children lack proper care and parental
guidance, so they make their own choices. They can end up in the
wrong company and with the wrong people. People take advantage
of them. Because they are poor they will do anything for food.
They are at risk."
3.3 Interviewees suggested several reasons
for the signs of breakdown in the care of OVCs:
— extended family members have lost
income, as a result of the recent fall in sugar prices following
liberalisation, so have less financial capacity to take in orphans;
— the sheer numbers of orphans have
increased;
— extended family members may be reluctant
to care for orphans where the parents are known to have died of
an HIV-related illness, because of fear that the children may
also be HIV-positive, and because of stigma.
Orphans and the economic impact of HIV at the national
level
3.4 Not only are the countries most affected
by the HIV/AIDS pandemic some of the world's poorest, but as a
result of HIV they become vulnerable to further poverty. Some
early studies on the impact of HIV on economic growth concluded
that the impact would be negative but relatively small, for example
growth would be 0.5% lower each year. More recent studies have
predicted a somewhat greater impact, for example that growth would
be 1 to 2% lower each year. Some of the latter, more pessimistic
studies took into account the "drag" by HIV on gradual
accumulation of knowledge and skills.
3.5 For example, in 2003 an important World
Bank study looked at the long-term economic impact of HIV in South
Africa. One of its arguments was that the orphan situation is
crucial in the overall economic impact of the epidemic. Because
HIV affects mainly young adults, it weakens the mechanisms by
which knowledge and abilities are transmitted from one generation
to the next, and increasing numbers of children are being left
without "parents to love, raise and educate them." However,
the effects of this are only felt after a long time lag. It concluded
that, in the absence of HIV, there would be modest growth in South
Africa, with universal education obtained over three generations.
If nothing further were done to combat the epidemic, though, "a
complete economic collapse will occur within three generations."
With optimal spending on response to HIV, a slow rate of growth
was maintained.[138]
4. Recommendations to prevent a worsening
orphan crisis
4.1 Christian Aid believes that the problem
of orphans and vulnerable children, related to HIV, is serious:
that the impact is much greater on poor communities than on better-off
ones, and that in the longer term the number of orphaned children
will have contributed to lower overall growth and development.
In Christian Aid's view, it is not possible to tackle HIV in the
long term without tackling poverty, so all our policy recommendations
(for example on trade) are also relevant to HIV. Here we propose
some specific policies to prevent the orphan crisis becoming even
more serious.
HIV prevention
4.2 Comprehensive HIV-prevention programmes,
in particular those aimed at young people, should remain the top
priority and mainstay of HIV work, to prevent the orphan crisis
spiralling into the future. We should not forget that many of
tomorrow's potential orphans have not yet been born. Access to
family planning (which in any case provides an opportunity for
HIV prevention) is also important to prevent unwanted pregnancies.
Anti-retroviral treatment
4.3 Anti-retroviral treatment, as part of
comprehensive care programmes, extends the lives of parents. If
the global target of treating three million people by the end
of 2005 becomes reality, the future orphan crisis will be less
severe.
Funding for HIV programmes
4.4 Donors, including the UK government,
should urgently ensure that adequate funding is made available
for HIV prevention, care and treatment programmes. The longer
the delay, the more expensive—in financial, social and human
terms—the impact will be.
4.5 In 2003, less than US$5 billion was
available globally for HIV work. UNAIDS has estimated that US$10
billion annually is needed by 2005, and US$15 billion annually
by 2007, for HIV programmes in developing countries (including
prevention, care, treatment and impact mitigation). This estimate
covers a minimum response, within current infrastructure, which
would not even approach universal coverage. It is likely to be
an underestimate of the cost of treating three million people.[139]
4.6 Whilst the UK government has greatly
increased its funding for HIV programmes (to around £300
million in 2002-03), it should show international leadership by
pledging further resources. Christian Aid suggests £750 million
per year as a goal, which would follow Kofi Annan's 2001 call
for a five-fold increase in HIV funding. This should accompany
a pledge to reach 0.7% of GNI in aid, by 2008. The funding for
HIV should not be taken from other programmes.
Economic impact of HIV
4.7 National governments and international
economic advisers (such as the IMF and World Bank) should consider
the likely economic impact of the HIV epidemic in shaping macroeconomic
policies. The impact of HIV may affect economic policy making
in several ways. For example, economic policy-makers should realistically
analyse and allow for the likely economic impact of HIV over the
medium term. In many countries the worst-case scenarios are still
preventable. This analysis in itself may exert extra pressure
to ensure that maximum effort and resources are allocated to HIV
programmes, and to related areas, such as building health and
education systems.
4.8 Where economic policies could have the
potential to create an environment favouring HIV spread (for example,
by creating sudden massive unemployment in an area where HIV is
already prevalent, or by dramatically increasing income inequality
in an area), an ex-ante Poverty and Social Impact Assessment
(assessment done before the policy is decided), should be carried
out and the policy reconsidered in the light of the findings.
PROGRAMMES TO
SUPPORT ORPHANS
AND VULNERABLE
CHILDREN
5. Existing policies
5.1 The 2001 UNGASS Declaration of Commitment
on HIV/AIDS 2001 stated in its Paragraph 65 that the international
community would: "By 2003, develop and by 2005 implement
national policies and strategies to build and strengthen governmental,
family and community capacities to provide a supportive environment
for orphans and girls and boys infected and affected by HIV/AIDS,
including by providing appropriate counselling and psychosocial
support, ensuring their enrolment in school, and access to shelter,
good nutrition and health and social services on an equal basis
with other children; and protect orphans and vulnerable children
from all forms of abuse, violence, exploitation, discrimination,
trafficking and loss of inheritance."
5.2 In its Platform for Action on HIV/AIDS,
published in December 2003, the UK government published no specific
policy on OVCs. This omission should be corrected in the forthcoming
DFID Strategy on HIV/AIDS.
6. Financing for OVC care and support
6.1 UNAIDS estimates that US$900 million
every year is needed to care for orphans and vulnerable children,
in countries where HIV prevalence is more than 1%. (This is part
of the overall funding estimate mentioned above.)[140]
This is a minimal estimate as it covers only maternal orphans
and only those under 15 years old. Moreover, its coverage targets
are low. This estimate would pay for 20% of orphans to be supported
by their communities with government assistance, 20% to receive
payments for school fees, and 5% to be cared for in orphanages.[141]
6.2 Many of the programme recommendations
below will be unaffordable for many governments, but nevertheless
we make them because, as the World Bank has shown, the cost of
failing to implement them will be much greater. Moreover, whilst
the necessary resources are not available to many governments
in the worst affected countries, the sums are easily affordable
by donors.
7. Programme priorities for support of orphans
and vulnerable children
7.1 General points
7.1.1 From its programme experience, Christian
Aid believes that programmes on the support of OVCs, and funding
criteria, should take account of the following points. Many of
them are self-evident, but they are ignored surprisingly frequently.
7.1.2 The following points apply to all
development programmes aimed at supporting children:
— they should consider children's emotional,
as well as material, needs;
— rather than applying blueprints,
programmes should facilitate and support local priorities, knowledge
and initiatives;
— programmes should include children
and young people as active participants in their design;
— programmes should facilitate young
people's support for each other;
— programmes should consider the different
needs of boys and girls, women and men;
— teenagers have needs, as well as
small children.
7.1.3 The following points apply particularly
to HIV:
— prevention, care and OVC-support
activities can all complement each other and should be integrated.
While in this submission we have picked out particular aspects
of Christian Aid partners' work, most of the partners in fact
address several aspects of the epidemic;
— successful programmes supporting
OVC need to address stigma and discrimination caused by HIV.
7.1.4 As the orphan crisis, although predictable
for at least a decade, has only become apparent over the last
few years, research in this area is inadequate. Work must include
operational research—to define better the most successful
approaches for the future. This must be funded.
Supporting "AIDS orphans" or supporting
all vulnerable children?
7.1.5 In general, programmers should focus
on all vulnerable children, rather than solely on those orphaned
by AIDS. While children orphaned by AIDS will often be among the
most vulnerable, criteria for accessing support should usually
be measures of general vulnerability, rather than being AIDS-specific.
If support is available only for children who have been orphaned
by AIDS, other orphans and children made vulnerable for other
reasons may become neglected. Moreover children's needs start
before the death of a parent, especially when the children are
themselves carers.
7.1.6 In some circumstances, however, a
particular focus on children orphaned by HIV may be appropriate.
For example, Christian Aid partner, AMO Congo, wants an organisational
identity focused entirely on HIV, as it is the only HIV-support
organisation in the regions where it works, and believes it is
important to be clear that its work is about HIV, in order to
fight stigma.
Community care versus institutional care
7.1.7 It is generally accepted that community
care for orphaned children is far preferable to care in orphanages.
In institutions, children may not get the chance to develop long-term
relationships with one or two trusted adults (crucial for emotional
security), their emotional and recreational needs may be neglected,
they may suffer stigmatisation and abuse because of their association
with AIDS (this can also happen in the community), and they may
find it difficult to reintegrate into the community as adults.
Sexual abuse in institutions is widespread in many countries.
Moreover, the availability of institutional care may undermine
communities' willingness to care for their orphaned children.
And finally, institutional care is expensive—six to 100
times more costly than fostering.
7.1.8 Where extended family care is not
on offer for a child, there are other options, for example:
— formal or informal fostering and
adoption;
— placing adults in orphaned children's
homes—ie "surrogate parents"
— "cluster foster care"—surrogate
parents looking after a number of orphans from different homes,
in their community.
Wherever possible, children will do best if
they remain close to their own communities, and if they are with
their siblings.
7.1.9 For example, Christian Aid partner,
Maryknoll Seedling of Hope in Cambodia, houses orphans in group-homes.
Maryknoll provides care and support for people living with HIV
and for 300 orphans. Most of these live with their extended families,
but 28 are in foster families and 50 in group-homes. These are
homes that six to eight people share, either single adults or
families, all of whom are infected or affected by HIV. Maryknoll
provides funds for food and visits regularly, but the occupants
look after themselves and each other. This kind of care is particularly
important in Cambodia, where, since the genocide of the 1970s,
the traditional, extended family structure is very weak.
7.2 Support for families caring for OVCs
7.2.1 Either NGOs or governments may implement
programmes supporting families. There are a variety of ways of
doing this. They should:
— make extra income available for extended
families supporting OVCs, for example through child-support grants.
In countries that have an inadequate tax base to do this, donors
should provide backing;
— facilitate and fund income-generation
activities, for example starter grants to enable people to start
a small business, skills training, or micro-credit schemes (following
best-practice guidelines);
— provide nutritional support directly
to vulnerable children;
— give OVCs (particularly those in
child-headed households) practical help to access available support
such as Government grants;
— prioritise life-skills for young
people, including HIV prevention;
— prioritise counselling for HIV-positive
parents, and vulnerable children and teenagers;
— encourage "succession planning"—HIV-positive
parents should be encouraged to make wills, identify guardians,
pass on information to their children and make memory books.
YWAM—the importance of supporting families
7.2.2 Christian Aid partner, Youth With
A Mission (YWAM) runs an integrated HIV-prevention, care and support
programme in Kangulumira, Uganda, where volunteers work with communities
to prioritise their needs. YWAM has found that orphan care in
extended families puts traditional family structures under pressure.
Families tend to favour their own children first and can often
resent having to use their limited resources to pay for food,
clothing, medical bills and schooling for other children. This
resentment can manifest itself by carers taking advantage of the
OVCs, for example, using them to undertake a disproportionate
amount of work, not allowing them to go to school, or even abusing
them. Yet, YWAM believes that the problems created by leaving
orphans without a family environment are worse. So they think
that the best option is to find homes for the OVCs and to provide
the support needed for the care-providers and the extended family,
in order that the child is not seen as an extra burden.
AMO Congo—comprehensive support for families
7.2.3 AMO Congo is based in three regions
of the Democratic Republic of Congo. They support families, helping
them look after 5,000 orphaned children. They do this by providing
both short-term financial assistance to meet immediate nutritional
and medical needs and, for the most destitute families, finding
them a home and paying the rent. After some time, they provide
training and start-up costs for income-generating ventures, such
as food-selling. They provide emotional support to families, and
at the same time discuss HIV, helping to prevent it spreading
further and reducing stigma. They also pay school fees, although
they prefer school fees to be paid from the income that the families
have earned.
7.2.4 AMO extend their reach by supporting
a network of volunteers who regularly visit families that look
after orphans, to provide support and also to monitor the well-being
of the children. The volunteers themselves report that their attitudes
have changed since starting the work—previously they would
not have discussed sexual health with their children; now they
think it is essential to do so.
7.2.5 One person who has benefited is Yumba
Kamwanya. Her husband died of an HIV-related illness, and her
family abandoned her when they found out the cause of his death.
She is also living with HIV, and was very sick when she was found,
destitute, by an AMO volunteer. She has seven children, six of
whom are 16 or younger. ("Orphan" is defined as a child
who has lost either parent or both in this context.) Four of them
had left home to fend for themselves on the streets. AMO Congo
paid for Yumba to receive medical care, found her children and
brought them back. They gave her and her family food and clothing
to get them back on their feet. Staff and volunteers came to visit
her regularly, and AMO started her off with a small business.
She is now selling flour and oil outside her home and using the
money to buy food for her family, and more food items to sell.
She is finally able to send one of her children to primary school.
She is the first person in Lubumbashi to have openly talked about
her HIV status, and has now given her testimony twice on television.
YWAM and Maryknoll—planning for the future
7.2.6 YWAM (as described above) encourages
village members to prepare for the future of their family, so
that if the parents die the children will be looked after. Previously,
people were reluctant to make wills as they thought it would bring
on death, but now the number of people making wills is increasing.
7.2.7 Maryknoll in Cambodia encourages HIV-positive
parents to make memory books. These are made in a context where
many people are too poor to own anything more than the basic necessities
of survival, so there is a risk of leaving nothing personal at
death. The books contain pictures and drawings, personal writings
and decorations—such as dried flowers and grains of sand—anything
that will evoke a memory. The intention is that the children will
relate to these books, (even if they were too young when their
parents died to remember them directly), and use them as an inspiration
to create a future. At the same time, the process of making the
books helps parents prepare themselves for dying.
7.3 Support at community level
7.3.1 As with HIV prevention and care, support
for OVCs can be very effective at community level. As with family-level
support, this work can be facilitated by NGOs or by the government.
Faith-based organisations have a particular role to play, particularly
in Africa, where the Church forms one of the furthest-reaching
community networks.
7.3.2 In general, programmes should:
— build on existing community initiatives;
— facilitate community discussion on
future strategies (to raise awareness, identify priorities and
organise more activity); and
— improve access to income-generating
activities (particularly for women and caregivers).
Where highly affected communities do not prioritise
HIV, programmes should try to build awareness and facilitate discussion.
7.3.3 A community may prioritise an infinite
variety of activities. Community groups may:
— visit households with OVCs to provide
practical and emotional help;
— encourage parents and guardians to
send OVCs to school;
— mobilise and distribute villagers'
food donations;
— pool funds to pay for OVCs' schooling
and healthcare ("resource pooling");
— organise activities designed to earn
a living;
— run community schools and neighbourhood
day-care points, staffed by volunteers;
— support child-headed households,
encouraging succession planning;
— engage local leaders (eg faith leaders,
teachers) to spot abuse and liaise with the police;
— organise peer support groups for
OVCs and carers; or
— do something else that the community
feels is important.
Kondwa Day Centre for Orphans, Zambia
7.3.4 Kondwa means "be happy".
Kondwa Day Centre is situated in Ng'Ombe, one of the poorest compounds
in Lusaka. It was born out of a need, identified by the Ng'Ombe
Community Home Based Care Project, for care and support for orphans,
and thus also for time for their guardians to work. The centre
cares for 60 orphans during the day, aged between three and seven,
and also continues to support 70 "graduate" older children.
The children play and learn in a caring environment, and have
two meals a day. Second-hand clothes and help with medical expenses
are available. The centre supports older children with the transition
to school, and helps with costs. They also promote activities
for guardians that will help them earn a living.
Thandanani Children's Foundation, South Africa—child-headed
households
7.3.5 Thandanani takes a participative approach
to helping communities work with children affected by HIV, trying
to involve children in voicing their opinions on issues affecting
them. One of their current aims is to extend their work with child-headed
households. They are carrying out a consultation exercise to identify
the needs prioritised by the heads of the households, and by children
who are likely to be heading households in the near future. Thandanani
envisage that it may facilitate the following types of services,
which are in fact similar to services for vulnerable children
in families:
— weekly visits by a community volunteer;
— bursary schemes to get and keep younger
children in school, and stationery packs;
— skills training for teenagers, such
as in hairdressing or mechanics;
— holiday clubs and outings.
7.4 Support by governments at national level
7.4.1 The following general recommendations
are made to national governments:
— following the UNGASS declaration,
all countries with generalised HIV epidemics should have a national
strategy on OVCs (at the end of 2003, only six out of 40 did);
— use the United Nations Convention
on the Rights of the Child as a framework for the strategy;
— create a supportive environment for
community-led initiatives, including funding;
— provide income support and income
generation for families caring for OVCs.
Access to services for OVCs
7.4.2 National governments need to pay particular
attention to this. NGOs may also carry out some of the actions
below. The aim is to create parity for OVCs with other children—on
education and healthcare, including immunisation, and nutrition.
One need is to encourage birth registration (and make it free)
to facilitate later service access.
Access to education
7.4.3 Governments should:
— think of education as being broader
than schooling. Skills training, and informal passing on of skills,
are also education. Education needs to be flexible for many orphans
and vulnerable children, who may also have caring or work responsibilities;
— preferably, abolish primary school
fees (ensuring plans are in place to deal with the resulting increased
demand) and reduce hidden costs, eg uniform, shoes, books;
— where this is not possible, give
direct payments for school costs to families with orphans or other
vulnerable children, or direct grants to schools that address
the needs of children affected by HIV;
— where possible, provide free school
meals, reducing the proportion of children who drop out of school;
— train teachers to support vulnerable
children emotionally, and to look out for abuse and depression.
Schools provide an opportunity for counselling and life-skills
training;
— support educational and training
programmes for street children and for other older OVCs that can
be combined with activities designed to help them earn a living,
as well as counselling and support activities.
Access to healthcare and nutrition
7.4.4 Governments should:
— abolish fees for healthcare;
— where this is not possible, give
direct payments for healthcare costs to families with orphans
or other vulnerable children;
— provide nutritional support for under-fives,
which is best done through child-feeding centres, day-care centres
or schools, providing food directly to vulnerable children;
— home-based care teams should look
out for OVCs' health needs, which may be neglected.
Government protection for the most vulnerable children
7.4.5 Governments should:
— revise laws to reflect international
standards and address challenges posed by HIV—including
discrimination, foster care, inheritance rights, abuse and child
labour. They should then implement and enforce these laws;
— support child-headed households and
street children;
— train professionals, such as judges
and the police, about the needs of street children, to help overcome
discrimination and protect them from violence, abuse and HIV,
and set up systems to help them.
March 2004
135 Speech to the United Nations General Assembly Special
Session on Children. New York, 10 May 2002, Peter Piot, UNAIDS
Executive Director. Back
136
This case study was facilitated by Christian Aid partner CCFMC.
CCFMC are based in Kisumu, western Kenya. Their work includes
support for orphans and other children made vulnerable by HIV,
and their families. Back
137
UNICEF press release, 26 November 2003. Back
138
Bell et al, The Long-Run Economic Costs of AIDs: Theory and
Application to South Africa, 2003. http://www1.worldbank.org/hiv_ids/docs/BeDeGe_BP_total2.pdf Back
139
UNAIDS 2002, Financial resources for HIV/AIDS programmes in low-
and middle-income countries over the next five years, briefing
for UNAIDS Programme Co-ordinating Board, 13th Meeting, Lisbon,
December 2002. Back
140
The estimate was in 2003 revised upwards to $1 billion. Back
141
UNAIDS 2002. Back
|
