House of Commons - Culture, Media and Sport

Select Committee on Culture, Media and Sport Fourth Report

Report

1. If a random sample of 100 people were to be asked which competitive team sport was the most popular among women and girls, how many would supply the correct answer: football? Probably not many, despite the tremendous growth of the women's game in recent years. The expansion of the women's game, however, is being hindered by various barriers, many of which are rooted in cultural attitudes. The resulting mismatch between enthusiasm and opportunity provided the stimulus for our inquiry, which took place amid a wave of popular enthusiasm for football generated by the FIFA World Cup taking place in Germany. We hope that this report will open a window onto the sport and give some impetus for change where needed.

2. The inquiry was announced in March, and a single day of oral evidence was held in late June, when we took oral evidence from each of the main bodies funding or otherwise supporting the development of women's football, namely the Football Association (FA), which is the governing body for the sport for both men and women; the Football Foundation, a charity set up in 2000 and funded by the FA, the FA Premier League and the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (through Sport England), offering grants for football projects; Sport England, a Non-Departmental Public Body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport which provides core funding to the FA under the Whole Sport Plan, which we discuss later; and the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS), which provides Grant-in-Aid to Sport England and which promotes the benefits of sport within Government and to the general public. We also took oral evidence from the Central Council for Physical Recreation, the Women's Sports Foundation and from players and others with knowledge of the game at grassroots level. We would like to thank all those who contributed to the inquiry, including those who sent written submissions.

THE RISE OF WOMEN'S FOOTBALL

3. Women's football in England is not a new sport. As early as 1895 a representative football match between northern and southern women's teams was recorded in London. By the 1920s, women's football in England was attracting considerable interest, although in 1921 the FA banned women from playing on any pitch which was under FA control, arguing that the game was "unsuitable for females".[1] Women continued to play football between the wars, but there was no league structure and there were few dedicated facilities for women. The Women's FA (which was independent of the FA) was founded in 1969, and in 1972 the FA - with the encouragement of UEFA - lifted its ban on women playing on Football League grounds in England. The FA assumed governance of the women's game in 1993.

4. There is no doubt that coming under the wing of the FA in 1993 was of enormous benefit for women's football. It allowed women's clubs to draw fully on the development opportunities offered by the FA; it gave clubs an incentive to improve their standards and gain the FA Charter Standard status, which signifies that a club has achieved a quality benchmark and which demonstrates to the public, club members and parents that the club is well organised; it has assisted - albeit with limited success - in promoting women's football to the wider public; and it has enabled links to be built with professional men's clubs (although not all links have prospered). Sue Lopez, a former England player at international level, told us that the FA had "done all those fantastic things which needed to be done",[2] and the Women's Sports Foundation attributed the recent "massive" growth in women's football to the "distinct and dedicated initiatives and investment from the FA".[3] Praise also came from the Football Foundation, which stated that the FA "deserves considerable credit for the work it has led on promoting the female game".[4] We strongly endorse witnesses' praise for the more recent efforts of the FA to develop and give higher profile to women's football. Without these efforts, it is likely that far fewer girls and women would now be participating in football.

5. The increase in interest, in raw numerical terms, has been exponential.[5] In 1993, there were 80 girls' teams, but by the 2004-05 season there were over 8,000.[6] More women and girls take part in affiliated competition - structured competition under the aegis of a governing body - in football than in any other team sport. Netball was overtaken in 2002.[7] According to the FA, 1.6 million women and girls take part in recreational football.[8]

6. Public awareness of the women's game is still limited; but it has been boosted by television coverage of domestic and international games, particularly the Women's FA Cup Final, which has been broadcast live by the BBC each year since 2001, the FA Nationwide Women's Premier League Cup Final, televised live on Sky Sports every spring since its inception,[9] and the 2005 Women's European Championships, during which the BBC broadcast live the three games involving the England team. Three million people watched the England versus Sweden game live on BBC2.[10] The Women's Sports Foundation described the televising of England matches at the Euro 2005 tournament as a "real breakthrough".[11] The film Bend it like Beckham has also played a part - the Minister for Sport had "no doubt about that"[12] - and we were told that it had projected a glamorous image which "made the sport look good".[13]

7. Despite these achievements, we heard that there were major obstacles to further expansion of women's football. These include the lack of a clear pathway for girls to play football through primary school to secondary school and beyond, variable quality of coaches, not all of whom understand the distinct needs of women and girls in training and developing skills, an ailing league structure at semi-professional level, and a lack of access both to pitches of acceptable quality and to suitable facilities. Above all, there are cultural barriers which have far-reaching ramifications and which underlie many of the problems listed above. They are also probably the hardest to overcome.[14]

GIRLS' FOOTBALL

8. Girls, like boys, can start playing football competitively in under-seven teams.[15] Sue Lopez stated - correctly in our view - that opportunities at an early age are key to helping girls develop.[16] Some primary schools promote the game for girls and act as local hubs, but others do not. Much depends on whether or not there is an interested teacher at the primary school.[17] Provision of sport for primary school children is an issue which extends beyond the scope of this inquiry and we do not reach a conclusion on it in this report; but, although we are aware from constituency experience of very good provision in certain areas,[18] we note worrying evidence that some core staff at some primary schools are ill-equipped to develop sporting potential. One witness (Wendy Owen) suggested that PE in general in primary school was "in crisis" as it was no longer a compulsory ingredient of training courses for primary school teachers.[19] She believed that, as a result, primary school teachers often felt ill-equipped to take PE classes and that they chose PE time to undertake planning, preparation and assessment work, with PE lessons being taken by contracted staff. Mr Baddeley, Interim Chief Executive of Sport England, was also concerned about primary school PE provision and saw scope for improvement in the training of primary school staff.[20]

9. For talented girls, the FA licenses Centres of Excellence in parallel to those established for boys. Centres for girls provide weekly quality coaching and a fixture programme for girls aged between 8 and 18. Grant funding is entirely through the FA, which provides over £1 million per annum.[21] Sue Lopez described the Centres as "fantastic" even though the numbers of girls involved were small,[22] and we were told that they exist to provide a technical and educational programme which allows players to develop to the highest possible level.[23] We are, however, concerned at the limited resources available to Centres of Excellence for girls and the disparity between public funding available to them in comparison to that available to Centres for boys. The FA told us that "the boys had eight years of funding at £2.5 million a year through Sport England into [the Youth Development Programme] and the girls' Centres of Excellence have never had any external funding".[24] Sport England is in fact now withdrawing its support for boys' Centres of Excellence, having already prolonged it beyond the expected funding term;[25] but the Programme will nonetheless continue.[26] The cessation of funding is regrettable, but Sport England's policy in providing support for Centres of Excellence for boys but not those for girls was inequitable in any case. We are extremely concerned that the disparity in funding for boys' and for girls' Centres of Excellence existed for eight years. All funding bodies for sport - not just for football - should ensure that there is equitable access to funding streams for both genders.

10. The FA funds full-time football development staff in each County Football Association to deliver its development programme. These include 47 Women's and Girls' Football Development Officers "working strategically across the country to introduce the playing opportunities required".[27] Emma Wake, the Women's and Girls' Football Development Officer for Essex County FA, told us that having a specific Development Officer had "clearly been of benefit in developing the female game at a grassroots level"; it had fostered an enthusiasm among school clusters for football development programmes specific to girls, and it had led directly to "an increase in activity at all levels, stages and ages of the female game".[28] The Football Development Officer at Batley in West Yorkshire added that these posts were "of great value to the female game".[29] The posts are funded jointly through the Active Sports Programme by Sport England, the Football Foundation and the FA.[30] The Football Foundation has nonetheless decided to reduce, over the course of three years, funding for each partnership from £10,000 per year to £4,000. The FA told us that the decision would put "a massive strain" on partnerships and that it was appealing against the decision.[31] It added that resolving the situation was "absolutely critical to continuing the growth of the game that has gone on so far".[32] Emma Wake told us that there was uncertainty about funding for her post beyond January 2007.[33] The decision by the Football Foundation to reduce funding for Women's and Girls' Football Development Officers is perverse and detrimental to the development of women's football, and we have written to the Football Foundation to ask that the decision be reversed, particularly in the light of significant historical under-investment in the development of women's and girls' football.

11. The numbers of women gaining coaching qualifications in 2005 showed an overall increase upon the numbers in 2004, with a healthy rise at the base level (Level 1).[34] Emma Wake saw the increase as welcome and "crucial" to female sports development, and she pointed out that coaches were accessible local role models.[35] The increase in female coaches is to be warmly welcomed. We note in this respect the statement by Sue Lopez on the importance of having coaches who understand girls' needs and aims, which do not necessarily correspond to those of boys.[36]

12. The current FA rules have the effect of prohibiting boys and girls beyond the age of 11 from participating in the same match.[37] Most countries do have a rule about the age range in which mixed football is allowed, but there is no consistency about the cut-off age, and the FA's maximum is one of the lower ones.[38] The rationale behind the FA's rule is that it has a duty of care to provide safe football for all and that there could be an unacceptable risk of injury to girls after the age when there is a marked difference in the power, strength and speed of males and females.[39] However, we note that the FA itself says that "the pace of change in the girls' game means that the technical differences between boys and girls are continually decreasing".[40] The top age was increased from 10 to 11 following a review a few years ago. The FA is undertaking a further review, to report in September, this time including the Children's Commissioner and young people in the consultation.[41] We heard from players and others how the prohibition could be frustrating both for talented and less able young girls. Wendy Owen told us that she had been one of the best players in her local mixed team but that the rule had "suddenly relegated her to the sidelines", and the standard of play in a newly formed girls' team had not been high enough to develop her ability.[42] Little appears to have changed: we heard of young girls in the same position today, with no suitable girls' team for them to play for within easy travelling distance. One player told us that she had captained her local boys' team until she was 11 but then had not played for a team again until she went to university: she had missed out on playing, quality coaching, physical development and training and, most importantly, her chance to enjoy herself in a game she loved.[43] Faye White, the current England women's team captain, played in an adult women's team from the age of 13.[44]

13. The Women's Sports Foundation described the rule as an artificial barrier to the potential development of girls, and it argued that the separation of young players in coaching and matches should be based on more sophisticated criteria such as weight, height and ability.[45] Wendy Owen also believed that the rule was "artificial" and unnecessary, since managers and parents would plainly not put children at risk; and she agreed with the course proposed by the Women's Sports Foundation.[46] The Minister for Sport told us that DCMS had already made representations to the current FA consultation. In his view, although safety and other factors had to be taken into account, selection should be on merit.[47] We recommend that the absolute prohibition on mixed football over the age of 11 should be removed and that an informed assessment by team managers and coaches of individuals' capacity to play in mixed teams should govern selection policy.

14. As the Minister for Sport told us, this country has a poor record in continuing participation in sport after school-leaving age: he described this as "one of the big fault lines", noting that 70% of young people in the UK did not continue an active sport on leaving school, as against 20% in France.[48] The Central Council for Physical Recreation and Sport England echoed this point.[49] One of the aims of the Government's PESSCL[50] programme is to strengthen links between schools and local sports clubs, thereby increasing the number of children who are members of accredited sports clubs and potentially encouraging the thread of participation to continue beyond school.[51] The logic behind the programme is sound but is presently less relevant to girls' football, which currently struggles even to make the transfer from primary to secondary school, let alone the move from secondary school to community club, or to further or higher education. Wendy Owen pointed out that there is a huge potential in further and higher education to "develop leaders and coaches, to educate them within the education sector and to then have them feeding down into the schools and into the clubs".[52] It seems that the disincentives to girls to play football after the age of 11 may have very far-reaching consequences.

WOMEN'S FOOTBALL

15. Football has traditionally been seen as a male sport, and the women's game has to deal not just with indifference but actual hostility. There are deeply entrenched cultural attitudes to the game, and breaking down the barrier is a slow process.[53] Courage and determination have been required: we heard from one witness that not a season went by without her hearing intimidation or some form of derogatory language from the sidelines, whether from groundstaff or passers-by.[54] Players may have to overcome their own concerns that what they are doing is "marginal" or "a bit weird".[55] One witness identified a perception that women "did bad things to football pitches" and a reluctance in some men's clubs to let women have pitches when they were in a good condition.[56] We would hope that the FA would combat prejudice against women in the same way as it has successfully tackled racism in football.

16. Most women's matches, including those of the Premier League, are played on Sunday afternoons, and pitches will often be in poor condition after having been used by several other teams over the weekend. As a result, games may be called off or rescheduled, making it difficult for clubs to market their games and attract larger audiences.[57] Women's Premier League teams normally play on pitches owned by men's clubs, but they have little influence on those clubs' decisions on scheduling of matches.[58] Even at these higher levels postponements are common, so the League is disrupted and the season loses impetus and "narrative".[59] Besides, Sunday afternoon is not a popular time for families and potential spectators, nor always for the players themselves. Recreational players find that they have to choose between playing themselves or watching elite players perform.[60]

17. In England, 75% of football pitches are owned by local authorities.[61] Not all of these are of the same standard as pitches owned by clubs, and we heard directly from one women's team that had difficulty in finding a pitch which was of decent quality or which had not already been booked by a men's team.[62] We note that section 84 of the Equality Act 2006 requires a public authority, in carrying out its functions, to have due regard to the need to promote equality of opportunity between men and women. The Women's Sports Foundation told us that it would examine the impact of this duty on the allocation of local authority sports facilities.[63] When we asked the Minister of Sport whether he would draw local authorities' attention to their responsibility and track the result, he was not certain whether the Department already had such a strategy.[64] DCMS should examine the scope for using section 84 of the Equality Act 2006 to guide local authorities in taking a stronger line in achieving a more equitable allocation of their pitches between men's and women's teams.

18. Even when pitches are available, there is a strong chance that facilities will be unsuitable for women. The Football Foundation funded an assessment of England's football facilities (the Register of English Football facilities - "REFF") and found that, in 2003, 94% of changing rooms had no facilities for girls and women.[65] The FA estimates that £2 billion would be needed to bring current facilities up to an acceptable standard.[66] Where there are facilities, they range from good to very poor, with perhaps only one female toilet between 30 players and officials. Teams using school pitches sometimes opt not to hire the associated facilities or toilets because of the extra cost.[67] We were not surprised to hear that research by the Women's Sports Foundation had found that poor playing, changing and showering facilities actually deterred some potential female players.[68]

19. The Football Foundation has made a strong start towards the improvement of facilities for women's teams, by stipulating that all new facilities which it funds must cater for both male and female participants; and it also explores with applicants what use the local community will make of the facilities. In doing so, the Foundation questions applicants on when women's and girls' teams would have access to pitches.[69] The Foundation also helps by supporting provision of hard-wearing synthetic pitches.[70] The provision of adequate pitches and facilities is essential if team sports are to prosper. The Football Foundation is undertaking valuable work in improving that provision, and we support wholeheartedly its approach in making financial support for facilities and pitches conditional on equal access for men and women.

20. The Football Foundation told us that 70% of sports facilities are owned by local authorities.[71] There are incentives for local authorities to improve these facilities. The Minister for Sport pointed out that part of the Comprehensive Performance Assessment for local authorities included a leisure block, of which sport was part, and he said that it would "now be in the interests of local authorities to continue to invest in that because it will be against their quality marks that the judgment [on performance] will be made".[72] We believe that local authorities have a social responsibility to provide sports facilities fit for use by all sections of the community. The Government should lose no opportunity to remind local authorities of their responsibilities in this field.

ELITE WOMEN'S FOOTBALL

21. The top women's teams in the country compete in the Women's Premier League, which has a National Division and two feeder divisions, Northern and Southern. Each division has 12 clubs. The League is not, however, flourishing. The dearth of very talented players makes it difficult to sustain a core of high-performing clubs; and the best players gravitate towards the few consistently successful teams, leading to a wide gap between the best teams and the rest. Faye White, who plays for Arsenal Ladies FC, told us that the league was becoming "unstable" and that the lower clubs were struggling to keep up. Top clubs are not truly challenged, and it is more difficult to attract spectators to uncompetitive games.[73] Sue Lopez confirmed this picture, describing the standard of play by teams other than those in the top handful as "poor". In her view, women's football is not presently a realistic spectator sport, and she viewed attempts to professionalise the women's game as misguided, noting that clubs which had gone down this route had generally not been the most successful in the League.[74]

22. The FA acknowledges a "severe imbalance" in the League and has concluded that a thorough review is required. A working group is currently assessing the case for a new Super League, which the FA suggested would raise the quality of competition, maximise revenues through sponsorship, gate receipts and media rights and provide visible role models.[75] The FA argued that public funding of £3 million each year for five years would be required to carry this proposal forward.[76] While we can see significant benefits in the FA's proposal for a Super League for women's football, we do not believe that the case has yet been made for this to be resourced from public funding, and we expect the FA to make a financial commitment in line with its emphasis on women's football as one of its priorities.

SPONSORSHIP AND OTHER SUPPORT

23. Since 2002, the Nationwide Building Society has been the FA Partner for Women's Football, supporting the England Women's Team, the FA Women's Cup, the Nationwide Women's Premier League Cup and the Nationwide Women's Premier League.[77] As the FA's sponsorship cycle ends in July 2006, it is negotiating with other potential sponsors and expects to make announcements in August.[78] Some clubs in the FA Women's Premier League are now attracting their own sponsors.[79] At lower levels, many women's clubs seek sponsorship from local companies, but they meet with varying success, sometimes depending on club members having parents or relations who own businesses and are willing to help.[80] One Football Development Officer said, however, that there was always a local business keen to be associated with a positive, thriving area of the game and that girls' and women's football was seen locally as being not so cynical or tainted as the boys' and men's game.[81]

24. Sportsmatch (England), which is the Government's business sponsorship incentive scheme for grass roots sport, said that it had traditionally been difficult for women's sport to attract sponsorship at a senior level and that a lack of serious media coverage (both nationally and locally) had been cited to it as the prime reason. At grassroots level, however, Sportsmatch had found that local sponsors do not usually differentiate between men's and women's sport and that they often stipulate that their investment programmes should involve both boys and girls.[82] The number of awards made by Sportsmatch to women's football increased from 45 in 2000-01 to 55 in 2005-06, but the total value of awards actually fell during that period from £759,000 to £490,000, apparently because more applications are being made for match funding for smaller, more locally based sponsorship.[83]

25. We also heard that support from men's clubs, both financial and otherwise, was very patchy, with some offering little help other than with provision of team kit.[84] Arsenal FC serves as a positive example: Faye White (who plays for the Arsenal women's club) recognised the financial commitment from the men's club as having been "very good over the years and … always improving", which had been a factor in the women's team's success. The gains were not just financial ones: the team had access to good facilities, the men's training grounds and occasional use of the Highbury stadium.[85] At the other end of the scale are a number of men's professional clubs such as Manchester United and Fulham FC, which have withdrawn funding from their respective women's teams.[86] The Minister for Sport described this approach as "very short-sighted".[87] In his view, clubs which were in a position to pay high wages and which benefited from substantial funding from sponsorship and broadcasting rights deals had "a bit of social responsibility" to share some of those proceeds with women's football clubs.[88]

26. Money may not in fact be the most valuable form of support that a professional men's club can offer to a women's club. Both Sue Lopez and Wendy Owen were wary of women's clubs being too heavily dependent on men's clubs, and Sue Lopez acknowledged that professional clubs could not be seen simply as charities.[89] Paula Cocozza pointed out that the FA had encouraged closer links between men's and women's clubs, with women's clubs taking on the prestigious names of the men's clubs; the women's clubs had gained prominence but had lost some of their independence, and the men's teams had not always been willing to provide the funding to "bring women's teams under the umbrella".[90]

27. The Premier League described forms of support offered by its clubs, including community schemes providing opportunities for girls of all ages to play, school and after-school coaching programmes, occasional access to grounds, links with County FA development programmes, and sponsorship of Centres of Excellence. Some clubs offer publicity on match programmes for women's team matches, which is an effective form of endorsement. Questions remain, however, about whether these efforts are confined to a few clubs which take a vigorous approach to outreach. The Premier League memorandum described efforts by clubs to promote the women's game on their internet sites,[91] but a brief glance at five top clubs' sites in early July (when this report was prepared) found that some made no mention of women's football, either of the local women's professional team or of women's football in the local community. Typing "women" into the Premier League website search engine generates no results that offer any information about women's football matches or development.

28. Not all professional men's football clubs are rich: some indeed are in severe financial straits and are not in a good position to subsidise women's teams. In any case, giving funds may not be the answer, as levels of support would differ and the present polarisation of ability could increase. We recommend that the FA should encourage professional men's clubs to make it standard practice to share training pitches and facilities and grounds with elite women's clubs. It is in the interests of professional clubs to be more imaginative in their approach to building links with women's clubs and publicising their matches in match programmes. By doing so, clubs can expect to increase their support base.

GOVERNANCE

29. The Football Association itself still has some way to go in helping to change culture. The Structural Review of the FA by Lord Burns in 2005 identified a need for the FA Council to become more representative of the diverse interests in the game, and these "diverse interests" clearly include women players and supporters. The Head of National Football Development at the FA told us that some changes had been made in response to Lord Burns's recommendations and that there were now some female heads of department;[92] but the general perception remains that there is little female representation, particularly from those who have gained knowledge and experience from playing and coaching at the highest level.[93] Sport England agreed that many governing bodies were still "traditional" in their make-up, and it encourages all sporting bodies to look at their own governance structures.[94] The Minister for Sport noted that there was not one woman on the FA Board and that there was only one female member of the 90-strong FA Council. He was clearly unimpressed.[95] We were also disappointed that the FA did not think it necessary to send either the Chief Executive or any member of the Board to give oral evidence to the Committee. The FA should demonstrate that it recognises the value of drawing women into governance and promoting female role models as a way of increasing recognition and widening the fan base, thereby benefiting the sport as a whole.

MEDIA COVERAGE

30. The FA and the Premier League are better placed than any to develop broadcasting opportunities for women's football. The televising of matches involving the England team at the Women's European Championships in 2005, at prime-time and live on BBC2, turned out to be more attractive to viewers than many had anticipated. The Women's Sports Foundation described the coverage as "a real watershed" and it commended the FA for its work in media liaison, which had ensured wide coverage of the tournament by national daily newspapers.[96] The FA, for its part, was grateful for the support shown by BBC Sport and for DCMS's role "in ensuring that the BBC was as supportive as possible".[97] Clearly, media coverage will promote awareness, and awareness will drive media coverage. The FA served the women's game well in co-ordinating media coverage of the Euro 2005 tournament, but this should not obscure the fact that support for grassroots football and a stronger women's league will be necessary if the initial flare of media interest is to be sustained over the long term.

LOOKING TO THE FUTURE

31. We have been impressed during the course of this inquiry by the commitment of players taking part in a sport which they enjoy, despite prejudice, lack of encouragement and practically no money. The Football Association, as guardian of the women's sport, has also shown commendable and increasing awareness of what needs to be done. This is clearly demonstrated by the very stretching targets for levels of female participation and numbers of women coaches which it has agreed with Sport England under the Whole Sport Plan, which serves as a funding agreement.[98] Women's football needs to carve a niche for itself and establish its own territory where it can shine and attract support. A women's summer league, when teams would face limited competition for pitches and spectator support, seems a promising way forward. A home nations championship would also raise the game's profile and might well be attractive to broadcasters and sponsors. The British Olympic Association pointed out that the football competition at the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games will be the largest international football event to take place on UK shores since 1966. We share the BOA's view that the presence of a GB women's football team competing in 2012 "will encourage thousands of girls and young women to take up the sport, not only as players but as coaches, referees and volunteers".[99] We therefore urge that every effort should be made to ensure that our top women players have the opportunity to compete in the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. We very much hope that the success achieved in developing women's football over the last ten years will continue for the next ten years and beyond.

32. The popularity of football is growing quickly and there seems no doubt that this will continue into the foreseeable future. The men's worldwide professional game may well be the inspiration for the majority of youngsters but it is the pleasure and satisfaction from playing that makes the game so attractive. It is clear that women enjoy playing just as much as men and the only reason for the difference in numbers participating has been the culture and the lack of opportunity to start playing at primary school and beyond. It has been recognised in recent years that participation in sport by people of all ages improves health and well-being. It is clear that women's football is a sport with enormous growth potential. It is recommended that a task force be set up involving the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, the Department for Education and Skills and the football authorities, to produce a blueprint for the future of women's football.

1 See Kicking against tradition by Wendy Owen, page 17, ISBN 0-7524-3427-6 Back

2 Q 18 Back

3 Ms Donohoe Q1 Back

4 Ev 30 Back

5 Football Foundation Q 63 Back

6 FA, Ev 34 Back

7 Ev 34 Back

8 Ev 34 Back

9 Ev 39 Back

10 BBC, Ev 59 Back

11 Ms Donohoe Q 6 Back

12 Q 116 Back