Annex B
UK'S TRIDENT SYSTEM NOT TRULY INDEPENDENT
33. Acquiring Trident gave the UK a greater
nuclear weapons capability than it could ever have achieved on
its own. This enhanced capacity, however, had significant consequences.
34. The fact that, in theory, the British
Prime Minister could give the order to fire Trident missiles without
getting prior approval from the White House has allowed the UK
to maintain the façade of being a global military power.
In practice, though, it is difficult to conceive of any situation
in which a Prime Minister would fire Trident without prior US
approval. The USA would see such an act as cutting across its
self-declared prerogative as the world's policeman, and would
almost certainly make the UK pay a high price for its presumption.
The fact that the UK is completely technically dependent on the
USA for the maintenance of the Trident system means that one way
the USA could show its displeasure would be to cut off the technical
support needed for the UK to continue to send Trident to sea.
35. In practice, the only way that Britain
is ever likely to use Trident is to give legitimacy to a US nuclear
attack by participating in it. There are precedents for the USA
using UK participation in this way for conventional military operations.
The principal value of the UK's participation in the recent Iraq
war was to help legitimise the US attack. Likewise the principal
value of the firing of UK cruise missiles as part of the larger
US cruise missile attack on Baghdad was to help legitimise the
use of such weapons against urban targets.
36. The most likely scenario in which Trident
would actually be used is that Britain would give legitimacy to
a US nuclear strike by participating in it.
37. The well-established links between the
US Strategic Command (STRATCOM), in Omaha Nebraska and the UK's
Permanent Joint Headquarters in Northwood, London would facilitate
the planning of such attacks. In a crisis the very existence of
the UK Trident system might make it difficult for a UK prime minister
to refuse a request by the US president to participate in an attack.
38. The UK Trident system is highly dependent,
and for some purposes completely dependent, on the larger US system.
The assembling of information available in the USA, but kept secret
in Britain, by John Ainslie in his 2005 report The Future of
the British bomb, shows how extensive this dependency is (see
table below).
39. The UK's dependency on the USA has operational
significance. For example, the UK's reliance on US weather data
and on navigational data provided by the US Global Positioning
System (GPS) means that, should the USA decide not to supply this
data, the capacity of the UK's Trident missiles to hit targets
would be degraded.
40. Conversely, the close relationship between
US and UK systems also means that the upgrades to the US Trident
system have already been incorporated into the UK Trident system.
The Royal Navy's adoption of the new US fire control system has
most likely already improved its capacity to retarget its Trident
missiles rapidly in order to hit a range of targets outside Russia—thereby
adding to other states' concerns that they could be the target
of a combined US/UK Trident strike.
| System | Degree of dependency
|
|
| Warhead | The UK warhead is a copy of the US W76 warhead.
|
| Arming, fusing and firing system | This triggers the explosion. The model used in UK warheads was designed by the US Sandia Laboratory and is almost certainly procured from the USA.
|
| High-explosive (HE) | This starts the nuclear explosion. The UK uses a different HE to the USA. Key explosives calculations for the US warhead cannot simply be duplicated so US labs assess the UK HE's long-term performance.
|
| Neutron generator | This initiates nuclear fission. The neutron generator used in UK warheads is the MC4380, which is manufactured in the USA and acquired "off the shelf".
|
| Gas reservoir | This supplies tritium to boost the fission process. It is most likely that the reservoir used in UK warheads is manufactured in the USA. UK gas reservoirs are filled with tritium in the USA.
|
| Re-entry body shell | This is the cone-shaped body which contains the warhead. The UK purchases the Mark 4 re-entry body shell from the USA.
|
| The D5 missile | The UK does not own its Trident missiles—they are leased from the USA. UK Trident submarines must regularly visit the US base at King's Bay, Georgia to return their missiles to the US stockpile for maintenance and replace them with others.
|
| Guidance system | The Mark 6 guidance system used on the UK's Trident D5 missiles is designed and made in the USA by Charles Stark Draper Laboratories.
|
| Submarines | UK Vanguard-class Trident submarines are UK-made, but many aspects of the design are copied from US submarines and many components are bought from the USA.
|
| Navigation | The high accuracy of the Trident D5 missile depends on the submarine's position being precisely determined. This is achieved using two systems: GPS, which relies on satellites, and the Electrostatically Supported Giro Navigation System (ESGN), which uses gyroscopes. In both cases UK Trident submarines uses the same US system as the US Navy submarines. The USA has the ability to deny access to GPS at any time, rendering that form of navigation and targeting useless if the UK were to launch without US approval.
|
| Targeting | Target packages are designed and formatting tapes produced on shore, then stored on the submarine—using US software at each stage.
|
| Onshore targeting | The software installed in the computers at the Nuclear Operations and Targeting Centre in London is based on US models and is probably derived from the US Navy's Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile Integrated Planning System.
|
| Weather and gravity data | The US Navy supplies local gravitational information and forecasts of weather over targets, both of which are vital to high missile accuracy, to US and UK submarines.
|
| Fire control system (FCS) | Used to assign targets to the warheads on the submarines. UK submarines carry a slightly different model to that on US submarines. However, all the hardware and software used by the system is US-produced. The hardware is produced by General Dynamics Defense Systems. The contracts show that the UK uses similar, if not quite identical, software.
|
| Management | British nuclear warheads are designed and made at Aldermaston near Reading. Aldermaston is part managed by the US corporation Lockheed Martin. Repairs to Britian's Trident submarine are carried out at Devonport, which is part managed by another US corporation, Halliburton.
|
| Research and development | There is extensive cooperation between Aldermaston and America's nuclear weapon laboratories—Los Alamos in New Mexico and Sandia and Lawrence Livermore in California.
|
| Testing | The W76 warhead was tested at the US nuclear test site in Nevada in the early 1990s. The UK has no test site of its own. The missiles are test launched from British submarines under US supervision at Cape Canaveral off the Florida coast. These tests are analysed by the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) at Johns Hopkins University and by the Charles Stark Draper Laboratories.
|
Note On Sources
Ainslie, John (2005) The future of the British bomb, WMD Awareness Programme.
Aldridge, Bob (2002) US Trident submarine and missile system: The ultimate first strike weapon, Pacific Life Research Center.
Butler, Nicola and Bromley, Mark (2001) The UK Trident system in the 21st century, British American Security Information Council.
Clarke, Michael (2004) "Does my bomb look big in this?", International Affairs, February.
Halliday, Fred (1987) The making of the Second Cold War, Verso.
Hare, Tim (2005) "What next for Trident?", RUSI Journal, April.
Kristensen, Hans and Norris, Robert (2005) "UK nuclear forces 2005", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 61:6, longer web version, available at www.thebulletin.org/article—nn.php?art—ofn=nd05norris
Kristensen, Hans and Norris, Robert (2006) "US nuclear forces 2006", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 62:1, longer web version, available at www.thebulletin.org/article—nn.php?art—ofn=jf06norris
Rai, Milan (1995) Tactical Trident: The Rifkind doctrine and the Third World, Drava Papers.
Rogers, Paul (1996) Sub-strategic Trident: A slow-burning fuse, London Centre for Defence Studies.
Spinardi, Graham (1994) From Polaris to Trident: The development of the US fleet ballistic missile technology, Cambridge University Press.
Greenpeace would like to thank the following for their help in the background research for this submission.
John Ainslie, Scottish CND
Bob Aldridge, Pacific Life Research Center
Frank Barnaby, Oxford Research Group
Hans Kristensen, Federation of American Scientists
Robert Norris, Natural Resources Defense Council
Greg Mello, Los Alamos Study Group
Milan Rai, Justice Not Vengeance
Paul Rogers, Bradford School of Peace Studies
7 March 2006
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