Annex C
Comparison of UK/EU Investment in R&D
Figures published in 2004 by the European Commission
on R&D as a percentage of GDP for the EU25 are shown below.
Table 1
R&D INTENSITIES AND TARGETS IN MEMBER
STATES AND BEYOND
| R&D intensity (GERD as
% of GDP) (1)
|
Member State Targets (GERD as % of GDP)
|
| Country |
Total (2)
| Private sector funding (3) |
Total
|
Private sector funding |
| Belgium | 2.17 | 1.54
| 3% (2010) | 2% (2010) |
| Czech Republic | 1.30 | 0.68
| 2% (2010) | 1% (2010) |
| Denmark | 2.52 | 1.39
| 3% (2010) | 2% (2010) |
| Germany | 2.50 | 1.63
| 3% (2010) | 2% (2010) |
| Estonia | 0.81 | 0.23
| 1.1% (2004 1.5% (2006) | —
|
| Greece | 0.64 | 0.16
| 1.5% (2010) | 0.6% (2010) |
| Spain | 1.03 | 0.51
| 1.4%-1.5% (2007) | 0.8%-0.9% (2007)
|
| France | 2.20 | 1.15
| 3% (2010) | 2% (2010) |
| Ireland | 1.17 | 0.80
| 2.5% (2010) | 1.7% (2010) |
| Italy | 1.07 | 0.46
| 1.75% (2006) | 0.75% (2006)
|
| Cyprus | 0.27 | 0.05
| 0.5% (2006) | — |
| Latvia | 0.44 | 0.13
| 2% (2010) | 1% (2010) |
| Lithuania | 0.69 | —
| 1.5% (2006) | 0.8% (2006) |
| Luxembourg | 1.71 | 1.58
| 1% (2010) (4) | — |
| Hungary | 1.01 | 0.30
| 2% (2010) | 1% (2010) |
| Malta | -(5) | 0.12
| — | — |
| Netherlands | 1.94 | 0.97
| Close to EU max (2010) | >EU average (2005)
|
| Austria | 1.94 | 0.76
| 2.5% (2006) 3% (2010) | —
|
| Poland | 0.65 | 0.20
| 1.5% (2006) | 0.9% (2006) |
| Portugal | 0.85 | 0.27
| 1.2% (2006) 1.6% (2010) | —
|
| Slovenia | 1.57 | 0.86
| 3% (2010) | 2% (2010 |
| Slovakia | 0.65 | 0.37
| 1.8% (2010) | 1.2% (2010) |
| Finland | 3.49 (6) | 2.35
| >3.5% from 2002 onwards | —
|
| Sweden | 4.27 | 3.07
| Maintain current level | —
|
| United Kingdom | 1.86 | 1.24
| 2.5% (2014) | 1.7% (2014) |
| EU-15 | 1.99 | 1.11
| 3% (2010) | 2% (2010) |
| EU-25 | 1.94 | 1.08
| 3% (2010) | 2% (2010) |
| Iceland | — | —
| — | — |
| Norway | 1.60 (1.67) | 0.82 (0.81)
| OECD average (2005) | 60% of total R&D funding (2005)
|
| Switzerland | 2.64 | 1.82
| approx 2.8 (2007) | approx 1.8 (2007)
|
| Bulgaria | 0.57 | 0.12
| Accelerate current rate of improvement |
Accelerate current rate of improvement |
| Romania | 0.39 | 0.24
| 1% (2007) | 0.5% (2007) |
| Turkey | — | —
| — | — |
| United States | 2.8 | —
| — | — |
| Japan | 3.1 | —
| — | — |
| Israel | 4.4 | 3.5
| Maintain current levels | —
|
| | |
| |
(1) Source: DG Research Key Figures 2003-04. (Data: OECD,
Eurostat) unless otherwise stated.
(2) 2001 or latest available year: IT, NL, LU, CH: 2000;
BG: 1999; ES (provisional INE), FR, AT, DK, PT, FI, UK, EE, HU,
IL, US: 2002. DE (provisional): 2003 IL: 2004. EU-15, EU-25 data
are for 2002 and are estimated by DG research, not including LU
and MT. EL: based on estimation of BERD. Source for RO: Romania's
Statistical Yearbook 2002. Source for Japan: Report of Survey
of Research and Development December 2003, based on 2002 figures.
(3) Calculations based on latest available data. Private
sector funding figures 2001 or latest available year: IT: 1996;
DK, EL, BG: 1999; FR, IE, NL, CH, CY, LU, LV: 2000; ES (provisional
INE), EE, HU, UK: 2002. DE (provisional): 2003. EU-15, EU-25 data
are for 2001 and estimated by DG Research, not including LU, LT
and MT. RO: 2001 (Enterprises sector ERD, according to Statistical
Yearbook).
(4) Only accounts for R&D government funding.
(5) Indicative BERD. BERD and GERD figures not yet available
from National Statistics Office.
(6) According to Statistic Finland total R&D intensity
was 3.46% in 2002. Estimate for 2003 is 3.43%.
|
