APPENDIX
Comparison of requirements for different methods
of biodiesel production (NEB Results adjusted for reduced natural
gas consumption in esterification and TAR values of GWP at 23
kg eq. CO2/kg CH4 and 296 kg eq. CO2/kg N2O)
BASIC RESULTS
FOR BIODIESEL
PRODUCTION
|
| Source | Energy
Requirement
(MJ/t bd)
| Carbon
Requirement
(kg CO2/t bd)
| Methane
Requirement
(kg CH4/t bd)
| Nitrous Oxide
Requirement
(kg N2O/t bd)
| Total Greenhouse
Gas Requirement
(kg eq. CO2/t bd)
|
|
DEFRA—
Conventional cultivation of oilseed rape (a)
| 16,269 | 916
| 1.032 | 1.794
| 1,471 |
EA—
Standard cultivation of oilseed rape(b)
| 16,784 | 939
| 1.045 | 3.223
| 1,917 |
DEFRA—
Modified low nitrogen cultivation of oilseed rape(c)
| 7,750 | 437
| 0.481 | 0.792
| 682 |
NEB Option 1(d)—
Minimum tillage cultivation of oilseed rape
| 19,288 | 1,053
| 1.438 | 2.258
| 1,758 |
NEB Option 2(e)—
Minimum tillage cultivation of oilseed rape
| 1,046 | 138
| -1.409 | 3.144
| 1,048 |
BC—Palm Oil Option 1(f)—
Palm oil produced in Malaysia
| 12,335 | 625
| 40.659 | 0.403
| 1,679 |
BC—Palm Oil Option 2(g)—
Palm oil produced in Malaysia
| 12,335 | 735
| 0.744 | 0.404
| 872 |
BC—Palm Oil—Option 3(h)—
Palm oil produced in Malaysia
| 10,505 | 658
| 0.560 | 0.415
| 794 |
|
| Net Savings by Displacing Conventional Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel from Crude Oil*
|
* Assuming average conventional ultra low sulphur diesel
produced in the United Kingdom in 1996, displacement on the basis
of net energy content and equivalent methane and nitrous oxide
emissions from engines running on conventional ultra low sulphur
diesel and biodiesel.
|
| Source | Net Savings of Primary Energy
| Net Savings of Carbon Dioxide
| Net Savings of Total Greenhouse Gases
|
| (MJ/MJ)
| (%) | (kg
CO2/MJ)
| (%) | (kg eq
CO2/MJ)
| (%) |
|
DEFRA—
Conventional cultivation of oilseed rape(a)
| 0.82 | 65
| 0.062 | 72
| 0.048 | 55
|
EA—
Standard cultivation of oilseed rape(b)
| 0.81 | 64
| 0.062 | 71
| 0.040 | 46
|
DEFRA—
Modified low nitrogen cultivation of oilseed rape(c)
| 1.05 | 83
| 0.075 | 87
| 0.069 | 79
|
NEB Option 1(d)—
Minimum tillage cultivation of oilseed rape
| 0.72 | 57
| 0.059 | 68
| 0.040 | 46
|
NEB Option 2(e)—
Minimum tillage cultivation of oilseed rape
| 1.22 | 97
| 0.083 | 96
| 0.059 | 68
|
BC—Option 1(f)—
Palm Oil produced in Malaysia
| 0.93 | 74
| 0.070 | 80
| 0.043 | 49
|
BC—Option 2(g)—
Palm Oil produced in Malaysia
| 0.93 | 74
| 0.067 | 77
| 0.064 | 74
|
BC—Option 3(h)—
Palm Oil produced in Malaysia
| 0.98 | 78
| 0.069 | 79
| 0.066 | 76
|
|
| Notes |
| (a) Conventional cultivation of oilseed rape with N fertiliser application of 196 kg/ha.a, soil emissions of 0.71 kg N2O/ha.a and an overall productivity of 1.082 tonnes of biodiesel/ha.a. Rape straw sold for other uses. Mown set-aside reference system. Solvent extraction with heat from natural gas-fired boilers and electricity from grid. Rape meal sold as animal feed. Esterification with heat from fuel oil- and natural gas-fired boilers and electricity from grid. Glycerine sold for other uses. Allocation by price. Refs 1 and 2.
|
(b) Conventional cultivation of oilseed rape with N fertiliser application of 196 kg/ha.a, soil emissions of 4.36 kg N2O/ha.a and an overall productivity of 1.082 tonnes of biodiesel/ha.a. Rape straw sold for other uses. Mown set-aside reference system. Solvent extraction with heat from natural gas-fired boilers and electricity from grid. Rape meal sold as animal feed. Esterification with heat from fuel oil- and natural gas-fired boilers and electricity from grid. Glycerine sold for other uses. Allocation by price. Ref 3.
|
(c) Low nitrogen cultivation of oilseed rape with N fertiliser application of 81 kg/ha.a, soil emissions of 0.29 kg N2O/ha.a and an overall productivity of 0.972 tonnes of biodiesel/ha.a. Rape straw used as a heating fuel in solvent extraction and esterification. Mown set-aside reference system. Solvent extraction with heat from rape straw-fired boilers and electricity from grid. Rape meal sold as animal feed. Esterification with heat from rape straw-fired boilers and electricity from grid. Glycerine sold for other uses. Allocation by price. Ref 1.
|
(d) Minimum tillage cultivation of oilseed rape with N fertiliser application of 184 kg/ha.a, soil emissions of 3.12 kg N2O/ha.a and an overall productivity of 1.587 tonnes of biodiesel/ha.a. Rape straw disposed as waste product. Low maintenance set-aside reference system. Solvent extraction with heat from purchased steam raised using natural gas-fired boilers, and electricity from grid. Rape meal sold as animal feed with allocation by price. Esterification with heat from natural gas-fired boilers and electricity from grid. Glycerine and potassium sulphate sold for other uses with allocation by price. Ref 4.
|
(e) Minimum tillage cultivation of oilseed rape with N fertiliser application of 184 kg/ha.a, soil emissions of 3.12 kg N2O/ha.a and an overall productivity of 1.587 tonnes of biodiesel/ha.a. Rape straw disposed as waste product. Low maintenance set-aside reference system. Solvent extraction with heat from purchased steam raised using natural gas-fired boilers, and electricity from grid. Rape meal used for co-firing in a coal-fired power station displacing electricity from the grid (substitution credit). Esterification with heat from natural gas-fired boilers and electricity from grid. Glycerine and potassium sulphate sold for other uses with allocation by price. Ref 4.
|
(f) Palm oil production in Malaysian with N fertiliser application of 76 kg/ha.a, soil emissions of 0.975 kg N2O/ha.a based on average data for young and older palms in Indonesia and an overall productivity of 3.690 tonnes of biodiesel/ha.a. No reference system for land use. Empty fruit bunches used as a fuel for combined heat and power production in the oil mill but methane and nitrous oxide emissions from combustion unknown. Estimated methane emissions from palm oil mill effluent of 13 kg CH4/t of POME or 41.158 kg CH4/t of refined palm oil, and an adjustment for a carbon dioxide of 110 kg CO2/t of refined palm oil. Pressed palm cake processed into crude palm kernel oil and palm kernel cake sold for other uses with allocation by price. Palm stearin sold for other uses with allocation by price. Esterification with heat from natural gas-fired boilers and electricity from grid. Glycerine and potassium sulphate sold for other uses with allocation by price. Ref 5.
|
(g) Palm oil production in Malaysian with N fertiliser application of 76 kg/ha.a, soil emissions of 0.975 kg N2O/ha.a based on average data for young and older palms in Indonesia and an overall productivity of 3.690 tonnes of biodiesel/ha.a. No reference system for land use. Empty fruit bunches used as a fuel for combined heat and power production in the oil mill but methane and nitrous oxide emissions from combustion unknown. Methane emissions from palm oil mill effluent collected and flared. Pressed palm cake processed into crude palm kernel oil and palm kernel cake sold for other uses with allocation by price. Palm stearin sold for other uses with allocation by price. Esterification with heat from natural gas-fired boilers and electricity from grid. Glycerine and potassium sulphate sold for other uses with allocation by price. Ref 5.
|
(h) Palm oil production in Malaysian with N fertiliser application of 76 kg/ha.a, soil emissions of 0.975 kg N2O/ha.a based on average data for young and older palms in Indonesia and an overall productivity of 3.690 tonnes of biodiesel/ha.a. No reference system for land use. Empty fruit bunches used as a fuel for combined heat and power production in the oil mill but methane and nitrous oxide emissions from combustion unknown. Methane emissions from palm oil mill effluent collected and flared. Pressed palm cake processed into crude palm kernel oil and palm kernel cake sold for other uses with allocation by price. Palm stearin sold for other uses with allocation by price. Esterification with heat from glycerine-fired boiler and supplementary natural gas-fired boiler and electricity from grid. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from glycerine combustion not known. Potassium sulphate sold for other use with allocation by price. Ref 5.
|
REFERENCES
1. "Evaluation of the Comparative Energy, Global Warming
and Socio-Economic Costs and Benefits of Biodiesel" by N.
D. Mortimer, P. Cormack, M. A. Elsayed and R. E. Horne, Contract
Reference No. CSA 5982/NF0422 for the Department for Environment,
Food and Rural Affairs, Resources Research Unit, Sheffield Hallam
University, United Kingdom, January 2003.
2. "Carbon and Energy Balances for a Range of Biofuels
Options" by M. A. Elsayed, R. Matthews and N. D. Mortimer,
Project No. B/B6/0078/REP for the Department of Trade and Industry,
Resources Research Unit, Sheffield Hallam University, United Kingdom,
March 2003.
3. Based on the spreadsheets contained in the "Biomass
Environmental Assessment Tool (BEAT)" prepared by Future
Energy Solutions, AEA Technology Environment, Harwell, Didcot,
United Kingdom and North Energy Associates Ltd., Sheffield, United
Kingdom for the Environment Agency, May 2005.
4. Adjusted results available on 31 August 2006 from the "NorthEast
Biofuel Supply Chain Carbon Intensity Assessment", modified
for Biofuels Corporation plc., and conducted by North Energy Associates
Ltd., Sheffield, United Kingdom.
5. Latest version of results available on 16 September 2006
for Biofuels Corporation plc., provided by North Energy Associates
Ltd., Sheffield, United Kingdom.
1 October 2007
|
