12 The EU and Central Asia
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| Council Joint Action amending the mandate of the Special Representative of the European Union for Central Asia
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| Legal base | Articles 14, 18.5, and 23.2 EU; QMV
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| Department | Foreign and Commonwealth Office
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| Basis of consideration | Minister's letter of 15 January 2009
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| Previous Committee Report | HC 16-xxxvi (2007-08), chapter 19 (26 November 2008); (28873) —: HC 41-xxxiii (2006-07), chapter 18 (2 October 2007); and (28674) —: HC 41-xxv (2006-07) chapter 12 (13 June 2007)
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| Discussed in Council | 2 December 2008 Economic and Financial Affairs Council
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| Committee's assessment | Politically important
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| Committee's decision | Cleared, (decision reported on 26 November 2008); further information now provided
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Background
12.1 EU Special Representatives (EUSRs) are appointed to represent
Common Foreign and Security Policy where the Council agrees that
an additional EU presence on the ground is needed to deliver the
political objectives of the Union. They were established under
Article 18 of the 1997 Amsterdam Treaty and are appointed by the
Council. The aim of the EUSRs is to represent the EU in troubled
regions and countries and to play an active part in promoting
the interests and the policies of the EU.
12.2 An EUSR is appointed by Council by a Joint Action
under the EU Treaty. The substance of his or her mandate depends
on the political context of the deployment. Some provide a political
backing to an ESDP operation, others focus on carrying out or
contribute to developing an EU policy. All EUSRs carry out their
duties under the authority and operational direction of the High
Representative (Javier Solana). Each is financed out of the CFSP
budget implemented by the Commission. Member States also contribute
directly for example through staff secondment to the EUSR's office.
The EU Strategy for Central Asia
12.3 The Common Strategy instrument was created by
the Amsterdam Treaty, as the means of setting out the objectives,
overall policy guidelines, organisation and duration of the EU's
external policies towards geographic or thematic areas.
12.4 The EU Strategy for Central Asia — Kazakhstan,
the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan —
sets out the EU's approach to promoting democracy, human rights,
good governance and sustainable development, counter-terrorism,
counter-narcotics and energy security in Central Asia. It lays
out how it intends to work within existing instruments, such as
the Partnership and Co-operation Agreements and other cooperation
frameworks, to enhance cooperation.
12.5 We considered it on 13 June 2007 on the basis
of a 6 June 2007 Explanatory Memorandum from the then Minister
for Europe at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (Mr Geoffrey
Hoon). He explained that:
—
the December 2006 European Council mandated the incoming German
Presidency to prepare the Strategy for adoption at the European
Council in June 2007;
— the Strategy would serve as the general
framework for enhancing EU cooperation with the Central Asian
states over the next 5-10 years;
— it was not a legislative document, but
would sit alongside the European Commission's 2007-2013 Assistance
Strategy for Central Asia, which provides the resources to support
the strengthening of political dialogue with the Central Asian
states; and
— it was based on "a clear sense,
both within the EU and the Central Asia region, that the EU's
profile in the region was low, and fell some way behind that of
Russia, China and the United States".
12.6 The EU interest in security and stability as
well as in adherence to human rights and the rule of law in Central
Asian States derived from:
— strategic,
political and economic developments as well as increasing trans-regional
challenges in Central Asia impacting directly or indirectly on
EU interests;
— with EU enlargement, the inclusion of
the Southern Caucasus into the European Neighbourhood Policy and
the Black Sea Synergy Initiative; and
— significant energy resources in Central
Asia and the region's aim to diversify trade partners and supply
routes helping to meet EU energy security and supply needs.
12.7 Security questions and regional economic development
also required close EU cooperation with each Central Asian state,
taking into account their geographical location — in particular
with respect to Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran — in the
areas of border management, migration, the fight against organised
crime and international terrorism, as well as human, drugs, and
arms trafficking. EU dependency on external energy sources and
the need for a diversified energy supply policy in order to increase
energy security opened further perspectives for cooperation, to
strengthen local energy markets, improve investment conditions,
increase energy production and efficiency and diversify energy
supply and distribution in the region. Priorities for cooperation
with each Central Asian state would be according to its specific
needs, requirements and performance, including human rights, good
governance, democracy and social development. In order to address
issues of particular importance, the EU would within the framework
of this Strategy:
— establish
a regular regional political dialogue at Foreign Ministerial level;
— start a "European Education Initiative"
and support Central Asian countries in the development of an "e-silk-highway";
— start an "EU Rule of Law Initiative";
— establish a regular, results-oriented
"Human Rights Dialogue" with each of the Central Asian
States;
— conduct a regular energy dialogue.
12.8 As well as making full use of the potential
of Partnership and Co-operation Agreements, Commission and Member
States' programmes, the EU would make greater use of cooperation
frameworks such as the Baku Initiative. Co-operation with the
UN, OSCE, the Council of Europe, NATO, international financial
institutions and with other regional organisations and fora would
be enhanced.
12.9 The EUSR would monitor the implementation process,
make recommendations and report to relevant Council bodies on
a regular basis.
12.10 Use would be made of twinning and seconding
staff between EU and Central Asian administrations or companies
and public-private partnership initiatives. Interaction with international
financial institutions would be strengthened, including the World
Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(EBRD) and the European Investment Bank (EIB).
12.11 The paper then developed each of these broad
approaches in greater detail.
12.12 The Strategy included an automatic review mechanism
in June 2008 and every two years subsequently.
12.13 The then Minister said that there were no direct
additional financial implications for the UK. Within the new external
assistance instruments based on the EU budget for 2007-2013, the
Commission had allocated €750 million for Central Asia, which
would be disbursed through the European Commission Assistance
Strategy for Central Asia for 2007-2013. The average annual allocation
for the region would increase from €58 million in 2007 to
€139 million in 2013.
12.14 We cleared the draft Strategy, prior to its
agreement at the 18 June General Affairs and External Relations
Council and subsequent adoption by the 21-22 June European Council.[32]
The European Union Special Representative for
Central Asia
12.15 The EU established a Special Representative
for Central Asia in September 2005 to ensure coordination and
consistency of external EU actions in the region. Jan Kubis, the
former Secretary-General of the Organisation for Security and
Co-operation in Europe, was appointed to this position. Mr Kubis
resigned in July 2006 on his appointment as Slovak Foreign Minister
and Mr Pierre Morel was appointed in September 2006.
12.16 His initial mandate was based on contributing
to the strengthening of democracy, rule of law, good governance
and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms in Central
Asia. It also focused on enhancing EU effectiveness and visibility
in the region, including through a closer coordination with other
relevant partners and international organisations, such as the
Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe. The mandate
was amended to contribute to wider Common Foreign and Security
Policy work on energy security, and to help develop bilateral
energy cooperation with important producer and transit partners
in Central Asia. We cleared the most recent amendment on 2 October
2007.[33]
12.17 This was brought about by the adoption of the
EU Strategy for Central Asia. As well as assigning the EUSR an
enhanced role in monitoring implementation, making recommendations
and reporting to relevant Council bodies on a regular basis, the
EUSR was tasked with developing contacts and cooperation with
relevant regional and international organisations interested in
Central Asia. These include the Shanghai Co-operation Organisation
(SCO), the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) and
the Central Asian Regional Information and Co-ordination Centre
(CARICC) — a UN led project which has established a regional
body dealing with co-ordination of anti-drug activities. A specific
tasking was also added in relation to input on the formulation
of the counter-narcotics aspects of Common Foreign and Security
Policy. The EUSR was to be instrumental in drawing up the individual
country action plans envisaged as the first step towards implementation.
The formalisation of ad hoc contacts and cooperation with the
other major regional players as developed over the previous year
was expected to lead to better access and greater understanding
of other regional organisations.
12.18 The then Minister said that since his appointment
Mr Morel had travelled widely in the region; produced the initial
draft of the new Strategy; and contributed to EU discussions on
policy towards the region, including on energy security and counter-narcotics;
more broadly, Mr Morel would "continue to provide a common
focus for delivering EU messages not just on key human rights
issues, but also on the benefits of regional cooperation and on
potential EU cooperation and technical assistance in helping the
region to address some of its shared socio-economic difficulties".
12.19 As well as requiring the Special Representative
to play a more significant role in monitoring and reporting on
the implementation of the Strategy, the then Minister noted that
he would be "instrumental in drawing up the individual country
action plans envisaged at the first step towards implementation"
and that the amendments formalised the Special Representative's
role in developing contacts and cooperation with the other major
regional players: "Whereas this has been happening on an
ad hoc basis over the last year, the formalising of this role
is expected to lead to better access and greater understanding
of other regional organisations".
12.20 For our part, when clearing the Strategy, we
noted that it was timely, comprehensive and ambitious; and also
that — thanks to UK efforts, we were told — was properly
balanced, with the introduction stating that "the development
and consolidation of stable, just and open societies, adhering
to international norms, is essential to bring the partnership
between the European Union and Central Asian States to full fruition".
We recalled that differences between the EU and the authorities
in Uzbekistan over good governance issues, and the latter's failure
to respond to international concern, illustrated the extent of
the challenges that would have to be overcome in at least one
instance before that full fruition was attained; and that the
travails that the EU-Russia relationship was undergoing also illustrated
the inherent difficulties in creating the sort of partnership
to which the European Union naturally aspired, but which remained
elusive and problematic.
12.21 While also noting that there were no financial
implications for the UK, we presumed that the UK would be involved
in at least some of the bilateral programmes envisaged under the
strategy, and asked the Minister, when he submitted an Explanatory
Memorandum on the 2008 review, to outline what relevant UK activity
there had been and how much it had cost.
12.22 We also asked that the Minister outline and
assess Mr Morel's contribution at that stage, including what progress
had been made in drawing up each of the Action Plans to which
he referred and in resolving any of the more contentious issues
with Central Asian partners.
12.23 Most recently, we cleared a Joint Action providing
for Article 3(1)(i) of Joint Action 2008/107/CFSP to be replaced
by the following text:
"(i) provide input to the formulation of energy
security, anti-narcotics and water resource management aspects
of the CFSP with respect to Central Asia."
12.24 In her accompanying Explanatory Memorandum
of 19 November 2008, the
Minister for Europe at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (Caroline
Flint) said that Mr Morel
had continued to travel widely in the region, contribute to EU
discussions on policy towards the region, including on energy
security and counter-narcotics and be effective in raising the
profile of the EU in Central Asia. As well as expecting Mr Morel
to continue to provide a common focus for delivering EU messages
not just on key human rights issues, but also on the benefits
of regional cooperation and on potential EU assistance in helping
the region to address some of its shared socio-economic difficulties,
the Minister welcomed this latest amendment to his mandate because
it would enables him to play a more significant role in monitoring
and reporting on water management issues identified in the EU
Strategy for Central Asia. Promoting cooperation on water management
was part of its overall objective of fostering regional security
and stability, and supporting economic development — the
Strategy having noted in particular how fair access to water
resources will be a major challenge for the world in the 21st
Century, and how most environmental issues in Central Asia are
related to the allocation, use and protection of the quality of
water resources. Mr Morel's revised mandate would "allow
him to support steps towards a more integrated upstream &
downstream water management policy in the region".
12.25 The proposed change to Mr Morel's mandate raised
no questions, and the Committee accordingly cleared the draft
Joint Action. But we also noted that it was now nearly 18 months
since the Strategy was launched, and that we had as yet not seen
the scheduled 2008 review of progress or, the Minister's Explanatory
Memorandum on it and the points that we also asked to be covered.
We therefore asked the Minister to let us know when she expected
to be in a position to provide this information.[34]
The Minister's letter of 15 January 2009
12.26 The Minister encloses the first Joint Commission/Council
Progress Report on the implementation of the EU Central Asia Strategy[35]
and begins by agreeing that, overall, progress on implementing
the Strategy has been encouraging. She also shares its conclusions
about the challenges ahead, in particular to maintain the political
momentum through reinforced coordination between the EU institutions
and Member States, greater EU visibility and involvement in the
region, increased financial resources as well as active contributions
from Central Asian countries themselves. She also shares the Report's
view that "implementation of such an ambitious strategy is
a long term endeavour that will require sustained efforts by both
the EU and Central Asian states".
12.27 The Minister then highlights a few of the principal
activities undertaken since the adoption of the strategy. She
notes that political dialogue has intensified significantly: firstly,
two meetings at Foreign Minister level between the EU Troika and
Central Asia countries in June 2007 in Berlin, at the close of
the German Presidency, and on April 2008 in Ashgabat, during the
Slovenian Presidency; and then the
first EU-Central Asia Ministerial Security Forum, which brought
together for the first time Foreign Ministers from all Member
States and Central Asia, with discussion focussing on terrorist
threats, the fight against human and drug trafficking, and energy
and environmental security. The Report also confirms
the EU's continued close cooperation — principally through
visits by Mr Morel — with other international partners in
the region, including the UN and the OSCE, the Shanghai Co-operation
Organization (SCO), the Collective Security Treaty Organization
(CSTO), the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-building
measures in Asia (CICA), the Central Asia Regional Environment
Centre (CAREC) and the Central Asian Regional Information and
Coordination Centre (CARICC) for the fight against narcotics trafficking.
12.28 Turning to the Rule of Law Initiative
(whose main objectives are to promote legal and administrative
reform, thereby safeguarding both economic interests and human
rights and fundamental freedoms), the Minister recalls that the
Strategy aims to achieve this by providing technical training
and the exchange of international expertise, including facilitating
contacts with the Council of Europe's legal experts on the Venice
Commission and seconding international experts to work directly
with their Central Asian counterparts. She notes that it was formally
launched at a Ministerial Conference in Brussels on 27/28 November
2008, with "a lively and constructive debate between official
representatives and experts from the EU and Central Asia, who
agreed to share experience and explore practical measures to increase
mutual understanding in the area of legal and judicial reform."
12.29 The Minister then notes that the Educational
Initiative, which sets up a coordination mechanism among EU
donors to support the further modernisation of the education and
vocational training sectors in Central Asia, was formally launched
on 17 September 2008 at the first EU-Central Asia Ministerial
meeting. The Commission also briefed Central Asian countries on
the EU's "Erasmus Mundus External Cooperation" programme
and the design phase of a new EC-funded programme for high speed
data links between the research and education sectors in Central
Asia.
12.30 Human rights dialogues have now taken
place with all five Central Asian countries:
"The second round of the EUUzbekistan
human rights dialogue took place in Brussels on 5 June 2008.
The EU raised a wide range of concerns, in particular freedom
of expression, prison conditions and access including treatment
of returned refugees, follow-up to the abolition of the death
penalty, freedom of religion, development of civil society, notably
the situation of NGOs and human rights defenders, and child labour[;
and] also a number of individual cases
"The first round of an EU-Turkmenistan Human
Rights dialogue took place on 24 June 2008 in Ashgabat (building
on the ad hoc meeting in Brussels on 18 September 2007). The EU
raised a range of concerns including freedom of association and
assembly, freedom of expression and the media, freedom of thought
and religion, prison conditions and freedom of movement and forced
displacement.
"First round dialogues also took place with
Kazakhstan in Astana on 15/16 October 2008, Kyrgyzstan
in Bishkek on 28 October 2008 and with Tajikistan in Dushanbe
on 31 October 2008. We and our EU partners continue to stress
the importance of further political reform in Kazakhstan ahead
of Kazakhstan's Chairmanship of the OSCE in 2010.The EU also raised
human rights issues in its Cooperation Council and Committee meetings
with the countries of the region, as well as in meetings in other
formats where Partnership and Cooperation Agreements are not in
place."
12.31 Turning to regional and global energy security
of further diversification of export routes, demand and supply
structures and energy sources, the Minister notes the importance
of the INOGATE (Interstate Oil and Gas Transport to Europe) programme
for EU work in this area, including an intensified dialogue under
the November 2004 Baku Initiative on energy cooperation between
the EU and the Littoral States of the Black and Caspian Seas and
their neighbouring countries:
"Energy security featured in the Joint Declaration
at the EU-Central Asia Ministerial Security Forum in Paris in
September 2008. And the need for action on a trans-Caspian energy
corridor was reinforced at the 6th Energy summit in Baku on 13
November 2008. The EU remains committed to this and, in particular,
to the Nabucco project."
12.32 To that end, the Minister say, the UK has welcomed
the Commission's Second Strategic Energy Review (which sets out
the need for concrete actions on diversification, energy efficiency
and infrastructure development) and its focus on the Southern
Corridor as one of six priority projects. The Report also notes
how, at the bilateral level, cooperation is strengthening via
Memoranda of Understanding with Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan.
12.33 With regard to the critical importance of
an integrated water management policy in Central Asia, the
Report records a first high level EU-Central Asia Meeting on water
management issues and the environment in Ashgabat on 3 December
2008:
"The meeting recognized the importance of regional
co-operation for achieving sustainable economic and social development,
as well as contributing to peace, stability and prosperity in
Central Asia. Participants agreed to strengthen co-operation on
transboundary environmental issues and shared use of natural resources,
and to undertake a reinforced dialogue on the international legal
aspects of the issue."
12.34 In conclusion, the Minister notes that a second
Joint Implementation Progress Report is due in mid-2010:
"We shall continue via our missions in the region
and the UK Representation in Brussels to monitor progress. We
are also contributing to an independent monitoring exercise —
the European Union Central Asian Monitoring (EUCAM) project —
being carried out by the Fundación para las Relaciones
Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE) and the Centre
for European Policy Studies (CEPS). The main purpose of this project
is to scrutinise the Strategy and its implementation and through
such scrutiny help to ensure that emerging relationships are forged
in accordance with the EU's fundamental and strategic interests."
THE EU SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE FOR CENTRAL ASIA
12.35 The Minister says that it is clear from the
presentation by Mr Morel of his mandate implementation report
on 15 December 2008 "and from contacts we have had with him
throughout the year that he has carried out his responsibilities
with commendable vigour and dedication." This has included
"a comprehensive programme of visits to Central Asia in pursuit
of his mandate objectives", participation in regional fora,[36]
an active role along with EU representatives and the national
strategy co-ordinators from Central Asian countries in formulating
the five country-specific plans that reflect the interests of
Member States, the Commission and the Central Asian countries,
and significant input to the development of the initiatives on
the rule of law and education, as well as the platform for water
and environment cooperation. Mr Morel also helped to secure the
agreement of all Central Asian governments to enter into full
human rights dialogues with the EU during 2008, and used the opportunities
afforded by his meetings with Central Asian representatives to
raise specific concerns when appropriate.
12.36 Mr Morel also attended a number of seminars
and conferences dealing with issues relevant to energy cooperation
with Central Asia and maintained regular contacts with relevant
US, Turkish and other third-party interlocutors promoting energy
cooperation with Central Asia, including participation in the
Istanbul World Economic Forum event on Central Asia on 30/31 October
2008.
12.37 Finally, noting that Mr Morel's mandate expires
on 28 February 2009, the Minister says that she believes he has
carried out his responsibilities energetically and effectively,
and that he will build on that record of achievement if he continues
as EUSR for Central Asia.[37]
UK PROJECTS IN CENTRAL ASIA
12.38 The Minister says that the UK is actively engaged
in a number of projects and activities that complement policy
areas covered by the EU Strategy, in particular those relating
to the rule of law, good governance and democratisation, human
rights, the environment and water management, and regional security
issues. She encloses a list of UK project activities undertaken
during the course of the period in question,[38]
and concludes her letter as follows:
"We have also maintained a full bilateral agenda
on energy-related issues. We have continued to pursue a close
working relationship with the Turkmen authorities, including by
helping to arrange the first ever Turkmen oil conference in April
2008 in London. This will shortly be strengthened by the second
energy-focused Ministerial visit to Ashgabat in two years. We
have sponsored visits by Turkmen oil and gas officials to UK North
Sea operations.
"Underlying this and all our energy-related
activities in the region is an agreed FCO/BERR/DECC framework,
articulated through a Southern Corridor Strategy that focuses
resources where they can have the greatest impact. One example
of Strategy implementation is an initiative to support the introduction
of international maritime standards to the Caspian.
"This initiative, the first of its kind, is
bringing together all the key stakeholders in Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan,
including government ministries, oil owners, insurers, industry
bodies, shippers and marine societies to facilitate the timely
implementation of the Inter-Government Agreement between these
two countries and with it IMO standards.
"In 2006 the FCO appointed a Caspian Energy
Adviser whose specific role has been to liaise between UK Government
departments, industry, host nations and UK Embassies and posts
in the Region. The post has enabled the UK to engage on regional
energy issues in a way that has put the UK in the forefront of
EU initiatives. This has undoubtedly helped UK businesses who
themselves are amongst the leaders in regional hydrocarbon investment.
We have also reallocated resources to create a Regional Energy
Officer post in Astana in 2008 to improve our ability to deliver
on projects and relevant reporting. As part of the UK's Southern
Corridor Strategy, UK speakers have addressed major energy conferences
in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. Support
has also been given for visits by the Duke of York visits to Azerbaijan,
Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, in his capacity as UK Special Representative
for Trade and Investment.
"We have well established educational links
with the region, including through the flagship Chevening Scholarships'
programme. Since 2007, 9 Chevening scholarships have been awarded
to Kazakh students and between 1 and 3 annually to post-graduate
students from Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
The UK also offers the Chevening Fellowship Programme to mid-career
professionals. And in addition to its general in-country educational
work, the British Council runs a Skills for Employability (SFE)
project, which aims to support skills development in Central and
Southern Asia by strengthening national reforms in technical and
vocational education and training and by encouraging closer links
between education and industry. The British Council is also introducing
a higher education research and partnership scheme under its HE:
Inspire project, which covers both Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan,
and pursues work in upgrading teachers' skills in English in both
countries.
"The Department for International Development
(DFID) has been developing a more strategic and regional approach
to its programming in Central Asia. The central objective of DFID's
strategy is to achieve sustained and inclusive growth in the region.
This plan advocates strong linkages between the EU strategy and
EC development plans.
"Working as part of an integrated HMG approach,
and as one of the few member states with a presence on the ground,
DFID will help to ensure that the EU strategy delivers results
that will benefit poor people and are supportive of countries'
own development plans.
"DFID has two bilateral programmes in Central
Asia: Tajikistan and the Kyrgyz Republic. Good governance, human
development and private sector development are key components
of DFID's work which will also support the delivery of the EU
strategy. In country, DFID has regular dialogue with the other
Member States present on the alignment of EU development support
in the context of the EU strategy. As part of its strategy DFID
plans to support a secondee to the World Bank in Almaty, Kazakhstan,
to work specifically on regional issues, including water, energy,
transport, trade and better co-ordination between regional players.
"Engagement on delivering the EU Central Asia
Strategy will be an important part of this work. Details of DFID's
activities are contained in the attached list of projects."
Conclusion
12.39 We are grateful to the Minister for this
thorough response to our initial requests. It demonstrates clearly
both that the Strategy has got off to a good start and that, importantly,
the UK is continuing to maintain an independent programme of well-targetted
assistance.
12.40 However, while not wishing to detract in
any way from this good start, we note what the Minister says at
the outset concerning the challenges of maintaining momentum,
increasing financial resources and active contributions from Central
Asian countries themselves, given the Report's view that "implementation
of such an ambitious strategy is a long term endeavour that will
require sustained efforts by both the EU and Central Asian states."
This will be all the more so now that the EU has also launched
the Union for the Mediterranean and is about to launch a new Eastern
Partnership, both of which will also require sustained efforts
by all parties and increased resources.
12.41 The 2010 Implementation Report will thus
be all the more interesting. We again ask that, when the time
comes, the Minister deposits it with an Explanatory Memorandum.
32 See (28674) -: HC 41-xxv (2006-07), chapter 12 (13
June 2007) for further details. Back
33
See headnote. Back
34
See headnote: HC 16-xxxvi (2007-08), chapter 19 (26 November 2008) Back
35
The full text of which is available at http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/central_asia/docs/progress_report_0608_en.pdf
Back
36
Such as the EU-Central Asia meeting in Ashgabat in April 2008,
the Paris Security Forum in September 2008, the Dushanbe conference
on border management and drug control on 21 October 2008, the
Brussels conference on the Rule of Law in November 2008, and the
OSCE Ministerial in Helsinki on 4/5 December 2008. Back
37
The extension of Mr Morel's and five other EUSR mandates is dealt
with separately in chapter 14 of this Report. Back
38
Which we reproduce at Annex 1 to this chapter of our Report. Back
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