Memorandum submitted by Unite the Union
This response is submitted by Unite the Union.
Unite is the UK's largest trade union with almost two million
members across the private and public sectors. The union's members
work in a range of industries including manufacturing, automotive,
aerospace, financial services, print, media, construction, transport
and public services.
MOTORSPORTEXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
The UK Motor Sports industry leads the
global field and has been successful in creating both employment
and revenue in UK manufacturing with £3.6 billion of exports
annually.
It is an industry centred around clusters
of highly specialised small and medium sizes enterprises (SMEs),
predominately based in an area known as "Motor Sport Valley"
(Midlands, Eastern and South-East England).
The industry has traditionally had a
heavy focus on research and development (R&D) which is essential
to its long-term sustainability; it has however seen factors that
restrict its capability to continue this commitment.
These factors include both economic considerations
and Motor Sport rules which are designed to increase competitiveness
and safety but not necessarily increase innovation.
In order to remain competitive globally
it is important to improve the UK industry's capability to produce
low-cost products and widen its export market potential.
Recently there has been a concerted effort
to improve ties between education, academia and the industry.
Unite believes it is vital to continue to strengthen this collaborative
working.
The current economic recession has affected
the sector, although perhaps not as drastically as in other manufacturing
industries. The way the industry is structured and the UK's enviable
position in the Motor sport world market have meant the sector
has succeeded in remaining resilient.
Unite believes it is vital not to be
complacent about the ability of the industry to remain sustainable
in the current economic climate and government needs to look at
ways to support and invest in the sector and the workers in the
sector.
The supply chain is of vital importance
to the motor sport sector and shares many SMEs with the Aerospace
and Defence sectors. Government must ensure the supply chain remains
in the UK.
The sector has a highly skilled and flexible
workforce. It is vital that education opportunities in STEM[30]
subjects are supported by government to ensure the availability
of a highly educated and highly skilled workforce.
Government must acknowledge the importance
of the Motor sport sector as an exemplar industry where research
and development and innovation are easily transposed to other
manufacturing sectors such as Aerospace and Defence.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Motor Sport industry in the UK leads
the global sector in terms of research and manufacture. Indeed
the UK has become the centre for this particular industry. More
specifically the region encompassing the Midlands, Eastern and
South-East England, known as "Motor Sports Valley",
provides a base and knowledge sharing cluster for Motor Sports
manufacture and research in a similar way that Silicon Valley
does for the computer industry.
1.2 The industry as a whole is a success
story; it turns over £6 billion annually and employs around
40,000 (of which 25,000 are highly skilled) people within the
UK. As the UK is a market leader in this industry there is large
demand globally for UK products and services, indeed £3.6
billion of annual turnover is exported.[31]
UK companies benefit from opening up new export markets particularly
Japan, as well the US which is the traditional export market.
1.3 The industrial workforce includes drivers,
stewards, track officials and so on but it is the manufacturing
and research side of the industry which is the most significant
in terms of employment and revenue created for the UK economy.
1.4 Motor Sports Valley refers to a cluster
of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) There are said to
be around 4,000 companies[32]
(almost all SMEs) involved in the Motor Sports industry. It is
these SMEs that predominately form the sector. It is companies
employing less than 500, indeed often less than 100 workers, manufacturing
specific components and services rather than more general manufacturers
that are market leaders.
1.5 These companies have an opt-out of the
European Working Time directive on the grounds that flexibility
is required within the industry however, Unite would like to see
this optout reversed and the sector work towards increasing
jobs rather than making the existing workers work longer hours.
1.6 A key part of the industry is its focus
on research and development. Whereas companies in other sectors
on average reinvest around 2% in research and development, Motor
Sports companies reinvest an average of just over 30% in R&D.[33]
Indeed it is a sector that has been associated with innovation,
with some of the technologies and techniques used and discovered
within the industry gaining more general usage; for instance lightweight
fishing rods and wheel chairs owe their development to technologies
and materials designed by Motor Sport companies.
1.7 This heavy focus on R&D, as well
as the nature of the technologies being developed has led the
industry to become increasingly associated with both the Aerospace
and Defence sectors. Many Motor Sport companies have manufactured
and developed for these sectors. The high intensity, high performance
nature of Motor Sport technologies have meant that application
in these sectors has been successful; aerodynamic, lightweight
materials for instance as well as less obvious examples such as
the application of pit-team efficiency for engineers working on
Apache helicopters.
2. GOVERNMENT
POLICY
2.2 While the industry in the UK is thriving
and leading its field this does not mean that it does not need
government support or investment. Both as a result of the global
economic down-turn and Motor Sports industries in other countries
attempting to challenge the UK dominance of the market, there
are significant threats to the sustainability and expansion of
the industry and thus the livelihoods of those working within
it. Unite believes it is of crucial importance therefore, that
government policy is driven to retaining the prosperity of this
industry and enabling further expansion and exploiting export
opportunities.
2.3 At present at both a national and regional
level there is surprisingly little in the way of specific policy
regarding active support for the industry. While regional governments
in areas where Motor Sport manufacture is concentrated ("Motor
Sport Valley") have been active in promoting initiatives
encouraging greener Motor Sport and establishing greater academic
resources and ties (particularly through "Motor Sport Academy")
it has not been actively involved in economically supporting the
industry.
2.4 Unite believes this could be due to
complacency at both national and regional level because the industry
has continued to perform successfully. There are however two key
areas where government policy can focus in order to maintain the
prosperity of the industry; in the manufacture and provision of
low-cost products and in the export market.
2.5 While the UK remains the preferred choice
for top of the range Motor Sport technology, in the lower cost
market, which is a key source of revenue and opportunity, there
is significant competition both from the US and in countries such
as Germany and Italy where companies often receive state support
in an effort to establish the industry in those countries. This
state support needs to be explored and matched by the government
in the UK to ensure the industry maintains its edge across the
board.
2.6 Exports constitute over half of turnover
in the UK Motor Sports industry. Traditionally the US has been
the favoured export market for Motor Sports companies and there
is significant value to this market, however it is extremely important
that the industry realises its full global export potential.
2.7 Recently there has been a concerted
move into the lucrative Japanese market. It is essential that
UKTI provides full support in enabling companies to sell themselves
abroad in all potential export opportunities. Though there has
been some support provided in this area, there is certainly room
for further encouragement as the UK has a significant advantage
in being acknowledged globally for its excellence in this field.
3. THE ROLE
OF SMES
3.1 As has been stated Motor Sports is an
industry in which SMEs are dominant. Almost every component of
Motor Sports vehicles are manufactured separately with further
SMEs concerned with bringing the various parts together. As such
companies are highly specialised in their particular area of expertise
but relatively small in size as their production demands are comparatively
small. This also means there are very clear supply chains and
symbiotic relationships, as many different companies are required
to create a fully functioning Motor Sports team. This also means
that Motor Sports valley can be said to have a "critical
mass" meaning that there is always consistent demand for
specific products so long as other companies within the supply
chain are still functional.
4. UNIVERSITIES
AND MOTOR
SPORT
4.1 Motor Sport like many industries has
been pushing for further industry focused qualifications to be
offered by universities. Due to the sector being predominantly
comprised of SMEs (which are traditionally reluctant to engage
with academic institutions) progress has been late in coming.
However more recently there has been success in involving both
the industry and academic institutions. A large number of universities
now offer specific Motor Sport qualifications with courses specifically
driven toward working within the industry.
4.2 Initiatives such as "Formula Student"[34]
and the government funded "Motor Sports Knowledge Exchange"[35]
provides examples of events in which students are able to engage
with people involved in the industry, showcase what they are capable
of and present research. It also allows employers the opportunity
to spot talented and able prospective employees. The "Motor
Sport Academy"[36]
which is supported by regional governments is one of the best
examples of how the industry is utilising academia.
4.3 A greater understanding and relationship
has thus been established between universities and the industry
as a whole allowing both talent and research to be focused within
the academic community on Motor Sport and Motor Sport related
issues. Both the industry and those looking to work in it are
thus benefiting greatly from an improved affiliation between academic
and industry institutions.
5. THE RECESSION
5.1 The industry has certainly not been
immune to the recession. The sector has seen sales in general
fall by around 10-15% and sponsorship which is an important revenue
stream for the Motor Sport teams has been less forthcoming in
the financial climate. Indeed there have been several high profile
teams at the top level of Motor Sport that have been forced to
withdraw (Honda in F1, Suzuki and Subaru in World Rally for example)
which obviously has a negative effect across the supply chain.
5.2 However, there has not been the drastic
impact on grass-roots and recreational Motor Sport that had been
anticipated. Indeed comparative to other sectors of the economy
Motor Sport remains comparatively strong during the economic downturn.
This is certainly aided by the inter-dependency of Motor Sport
Valley meaning the closure of individual companies does not necessarily
mean significant damage to the sector as demand remains consistent
and thus new companies (and jobs) can be created in place.
6. RESTRICTIONS
ON INNOVATION
6.1 As has been mentioned previously, innovation,
research and development are key aspects of the industry and it
has a proud record of promoting and sustaining this kind of activity.
However, there are certain factors, both traditional and more
recent, that can limit the capability of many companies to retain
a commitment to innovation. There has always been the fear at
the very highest level that attempting radical innovation would
lead to significant damage both financially and to prestige if
it were to fail. There is also a more general fear for intellectual
property that can lead to more conservative philosophies. Added
to this many companies have bemoaned the lack of dedicated resources
that are required for future development and innovation.
6.2 Motor Sport as a sport is of course
subject to regulation and in Formula One, the pinnacle of the
sport, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile
(FIA) imposes regulations designed to increase competitiveness
and safety and to restrict spending that limits the scope for
innovation. Indeed the most recent budget caps the FIA has imposed
have been seen by many as significantly restricting the capability
of teams to innovate and have also threatened jobs.
6.3 Restrictions show a financial climate
in which big spending is no longer unquestioned and indeed many
companies have threatened to cut back on reinvestment in R&D
as a response to the recession, this of course is only a short
term solution as innovation is such a key part of giving Motor
Sport companies their competitive edge in the market.
This submission should be read in conjunction
with the Unite submission for the Aerospace sector.
UNITE RECOMMENDATIONS
Unite believes the UK Motor Sport sector
presents an ideal business case for government support through
policy driven initiatives.
The sector is thriving but Unite would
like to see strategic regional and national government policy
to enable the sector to achieve further export contracts which
will secure current jobs and create future jobs for the workers
in the sector.
Unite feels it is imperative that government
acknowledges the crucial role SMEs play in the supply chain for
this sector. Government must ensure that the supply chain remains
in the UK.
Unite believes it is vital that the sector
is given support to explore and innovate further for the establishment
of products in the lower cost market. This will enable the sector
to diversify and increase exports further.
The UK is acknowledged as a world leader
in the Motor Sport industry and UK Trade and Investment (UKTI)
needs to provide full support to the industry to enable SMEs the
opportunity to compete effectively in a global market and achieve
their full export potential.
Government needs to work with the sector
and other interested agencies to ensure the resources and the
economic environment are created to enable companies to innovate
successfully.
Government must acknowledge the sector
has been very successful in creating highly skilled jobs and export
revenue for the UK economy and do all they can to ensure these
highly skilled jobs remain in the UK.
AEROSPACEEXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
The UK Aerospace sector is one of the
few manufacturing industries that are managing to sustain itself
in the face of a global economic recession.
Manufacturing is of vital importance
to the UK economy, it creates a fifth of our national output,
employs over four million people and produces over half of all
exports.
Unite believes it is vital that research
funding and collaborative working between industry and research
institutions is encouraged, supported and invested in by government.
Unite believes that for the UK economy
to rise out of the current economic downturn and be in a position
to take advantage of the global economic recovery, it is imperative
that world class industries like Aerospace are given substantial
consideration when government is formulating manufacturing policy.
Unite has very serious concerns regarding
current education policy. There have been a number of significant
policy changes over the past decade and, although there has been
sustained financial investment by government some of the decisions
made around education policy have been at the least flawed and
at worst disastrous.
Unite would like to see government formulate
education, skills and training policy that prioritises key areas
and addresses major substantive issues.
Unite agrees that the UK based Aerospace
companies have benefited extensively from a positive and pro-active
approach to manufacturing policy and financial investment. However,
there are areas that need further consideration from government
and this includes workforce training, R&D investment, promoting
innovation and facilitating exports.
Government policy must consider the supply
chain in any decision making process. The small and medium sized
enterprises (SMEs) in the supply chain are crucial to the Aerospace
sector.
Although the sector is weathering the
current economic storm there have been problems in the sector,
especially around export orders for engines, the slowing down
of available credit, the fallout from the collapse of the banking
sector and job losses and closures associated with the stigma
that has been attached to items of ostentation such as business
jets.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 The UK has the world's largest Aerospace
industry outside of the USA. Turnover for the industry in 2008
reached more than £20 billion with a potential for exports
of over £35 billion.[37]
The sector employs a highly skilled workforce of over 160,000
with a further 200,000 workers reliant on the success of the sector.[38]
The sector is also renowned for its commitment and success in
recruiting and training apprenticesthe highly skilled engineers
and technicians of the future.
1.2 The UK Aerospace sector is one of few
manufacturing industries that are managing to weather the storm
of a global recession; a recession that has impacted severely
in the USA and the UK alike and where some sectors such as Banking
have had to be supported financially by the government and more
crucially the UK tax payer.
1.3 Unite believes that the financial support
given to other sectors of the UK economy have raised serious concerns
in the Aerospace industry about the prospect of future investment
funds from government being diverted away from Aerospace. There
are also concerns about government cuts in public sector spending
and whether this too will have an impact on investment in the
Aerospace sector.
1.4 It is vital that research funding and
collaborative working between research institutions and industry
are encouraged and supported by government. Unite believes that
for the UK to come out of the current economic downturn and be
in a position to take advantage of the global economic recovery
it is vital that world class industries like Aerospace are given
continued government support.
1.5 Unite has serious concerns regarding
current government education policy, The latest debacle over the
reduction in university places for UK students has created a zenith
in the educational ambition of many young people in the UK. Unite
believes there is a clear economic case to be made for extensive
investment in the education of young people and the training and
up-skilling of workers.
1.6 The importance of these tenets for manufacturing
industry in the UK cannot be underestimated. In its manufacturing
strategy government identified having a highly skilled workforce
as one of the key dynamics that is instrumental in reshaping global
manufacturing. A globally competitive and technologically advanced
UK based manufacturing sector is entirely predicated on manufacturing
companies having access to a highly skilled workforce.
2. GOVERNMENT
POLICY
2.1 It is clear that the Aerospace industry
is coming to the end of a much needed and successful defence industrial
strategy. Unite believes the strategy proved to be an exemplar
of what can be done when everyone; companies, workers, trade unions
and government departments work together for a common goal. However,
with the UK armed forces involved in two serious conflicts the
defence of the country and the quality and supply of defence equipment
and defence spending has never been more important.
2.2 Unite therefore welcomes government's
strategic plan for manufacturing in the UK. Manufacturing is of
vital importance to the UK. It creates a fifth of our national
output, employs four million people and produces over half of
our exports.[39]
The continued success of manufacturing in the UK is therefore
crucial to our country's prosperity, now and in the future, added
to this the UK is part of the world's largest single market.
2.3 The Aerospace sector in particular has
welcomed the advanced manufacturing support package presented
by Lord Mandelson. The package will see over £200 million
being made available to assist businesses in the UK to innovate
and expand, creating jobs and wealth, facilitating a shift out
of the economic downturn towards a new sustained and invigorating
period of financial investment, job security and economic prosperity.
2.4 Government policy has also meant that
the Aerospace industry will benefit from £24 million worth
of government investment into a variety of projects; including
a study into the development of innovative new wing technology.
Unite believes government must be aware of the importance of ensuring
that the UK is seen as a centre of excellence for Power and Lift.
It is crucial that Aerospace research and development, innovation,
intellectual property and ultimately workers jobs remain in the
UK.
2.5 Unite is acutely aware that government
policy in relation to manufacturing is providing for a significant
level of investment in the UK Aerospace sector, however there
are a couple of areas of concern which Unite would like to see
addressed. The most important of these is the issue of education,
training and skills in relation to manufacturing. The second being
improvements that are needed to ensure a cohesive and effective
supply chain for the Defence and Civil Aerospace supply chain.
3. EDUCATION,
TRAINING AND
SKILLS
3.1 It is clear that the Aerospace sector
is one where the employees are highly qualified and highly skilled.
However, a number of key reports have indicated that a shortage
of skilled employees may be hampering growth in manufacturing
industry as well as limiting the potential for any changes in
highly technical operational processes. Unite believes that procurement
decisions by the MoD and ultimately government must take into
account training, skills and ensuring the key skills in the sector
are retained. Long gaps in the awarding of contracts can generate
serious problems with skills retention and skills shortages.
3.2 Unite is keen to see that companies
within the sector do not become complacent about training their
existing workforce. It is vital for workers to continue their
training and development while in work and it is the employer's
responsibility to ensure that the workforce has this opportunity.
Unite believes that if employers are not prepared to train their
workers then there should be a statutory training levy implemented.
Skills gaps can become a serious issue within manufacturing companies
and as such could seriously affect productivity.
3.3 The present government has made it clear
that they want to see a highly educated and highly skilled workforce
for the future growth and prosperity of the UK economy. There
are two key factors driving demand for skills within this sector.
Replacement demandwhere job opportunities
are created by retirement, occupational mobility and where there
are skills shortages within the sector.
Structural change driven by international
competitionthe important role of skills in improving productivity
relative to international competitors cannot be underestimated.
Structural change within the sector, such as the huge changes
in technology and the products required by the armed forces, are
broadening the types of skills required within the sector.
3.4 Unite believes that ensuring strong
workforce skills is a matter of shared responsibility between
government, employers, unions and individuals. It is clearly documented
that trade unions have played a pivotal role in encouraging workers
and employers to participate fully in the learning agenda, this
role can now be extended to include on the job training and skills
development for all workers.
3.5 Unite has also expressed serious concern
with current education policy in the UK. There have been a number
of policy changes in education over the past five years that have
had a serious detrimental impact on the production of science,
technology and engineering apprentices and graduates. There must
be an acknowledgement by government that the building blocks of
an education system are the key to a thriving, innovative and
technologically advanced manufacturing sector.
3.6 An example of this is Singapore, in
the last Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
(TIMSS) survey of maths and science standards in 49 countries,
Singapore came first for science and second for maths.[40]
Since the scheme known as Singapore Maths was introduced in the
1990's, the nation has not only moved to the top of the survey
but no longer has a bottom stream of low achievers.
3.7 Although the UK has improved its standing
from 25th place in 1995 to seventh place in 2008,[41]
there are still more than one-fifth of children who fail to pass
the National Curriculum maths test. In 2008 only 78% of 11 year
olds and 77% of 14 year olds reached the standard expected for
their age.[42]
Unite believes there must also be a strategic focus on the 835,000[43]
18-24 year olds who are not in education, employment or training.
These young people are being left behind and so far none of the
current government education or training policies has achieved
a reduction in this total.
3.8 It is clear from these figures that,
although the UK has a respectable position in the international
TIMSS chart, it is the countries that are our direct manufacturing
competitors who are creating educational policy that will ensure
the educational opportunities are available to produce the highest
number of highly skilled mathematicians, technicians and scientists.
3.9 Government must take evidence such as
this seriously and implement education policy that recognises
that industry in the UK is not only about the service and finance
sectors. It is crucial that research and development, innovation
and intellectual property remain in the UK. This will only happen
if there is enough home grown talent to fill the ever growing
skills shortages in manufacturing and that workers will be sufficiently
educated to address the onward march of technological change.
3.10 Unite would like to see government
formulate education, skills and training policy that prioritises
certain areas and addresses major current issues. These include;
improving basic standards of literacy and numeracy across all
age groups in society. Increase the number of young people studying
STEM subjects and achieving apprentice places in manufacturing
and technology industries. Build stronger links between employers
and educational establishments; schools, universities and further
education colleges. Invest in improving vocational education and
legitimise qualifications. Have a root and branch review of the
current qualifications system. If qualifications have no value
for the student or the employer what use are as a signifier of
a highly educated and highly skilled workforce?
4. RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT
4.1 One of the key areas for consideration
in the sector is the importance of research and development. With
government's commitment to a "green" agenda and demand
for more efficient and quieter aircraft there needs to be a step
change in research and development investment to ensure the UK
sustains its position in leading the world in Aerospace R&D.
However, current evidence shows there has been a decline in R&D
investment in the UK, this has fallen by around 24% from £2.4
billion in 2007, to £1.8 billion in 2009.[44]
4.2 Unite believes that investment in research
and development helps to sustain high-value jobs and increases
the competitiveness of UK companies. However, manufacturing companies
that find more beneficial environments overseas are more likely
to move their R&D to other countries, with the consequent
jobs being created outside of the UK and the almost certain loss
of intellectual property means those jobs will never come back
to the UK.
4.3 Unite believes it is vital that government
recognises that investment in R&D ensures that the future
of the Aerospace sector will be in the UK. Unite believes that
government should work with unions, workers and companies to provide
a real opportunity to create a coherent and holistic policy that
supports a through life regime for all the elements that create
a truly great UK based industrial sector.
5. IMPACT OF
RECESSION ON
AEROSPACE
5.1 Although the aerospace sector has enjoyed
significant investment and support from the UK government it has
not been immune from the impact of the global recession, and this
global perspective has been the key feature. The aerospace companies
based in the UK are predominantly global companies and as such
the onset of such a severe global economic downturn has created
problems for companies in the UK. For example Rolls Royce is an
exemplar UK based company yet some export orders for engines from
overseas buyers have been cancelled or suspended.
5.2 There has been a significant slow down
of available credit to buy aeroplanes on lease. The fall of the
banking sector has had a significant effect on the civil aerospace
sector and there are concerns about the impact on the production
of the single aisle aeroplanes and the orders for the A380.
5.3 One example of where the sector has
been significantly affected is business jets. Since the banking
crisis there has been a stigma created across the world in the
use of business jets, as it is seen as ostentatious in the present
economic crisis. As a consequence the market in business jets
has collapsed with the loss of 20,000 jobs.
5.4 In the UK Bombardier also became a victim
of the downturn with the loss of 1300 jobs. As such, Unite would
expect to see government financially supporting any need for short-term
working contingency plans. This is vital in ensuring that those
workers with the skills needed for manufacturing and in particular
the Aerospace sector will still be in the workplace once the economic
recovery happens.
5.5 Although the short-term outlook is for
a decline in output, the long term outlook for the sector remains
positive, with industry forecasts predicting a requirement for
30,000 new fixed wing aircraft worth $2.6 trillion up to 2026
and 30,000 rotorcraft worth around $300 billion up to 2027.[45]
This submission should be read in conjunction
with the Unite submission for the Motor Sport sector.
UNITE RECOMMENDATIONS
Unite believes the time is ripe for Government
to lay out its long term view of the sector, similar to that of
the previous defence industrial strategy, this is to ensure that
the UK remains a market where investors want to invest, exports
will continue to rise and jobs will be created.
Government must acknowledge that a UK
based Aerospace and defence sector is vital in prioritising the
needs of the UK armed forces and to avoid any supplier country
from acting against the UK by withholding equipment.
Any further reductions in defence spending
as part of a strategic review could undermine UK security, have
an adverse impact on the UK economy and create significant problems
with the retention of skills in the sector.
Unite believes that government should
increase investment in the Aerospace sector by around £2
billion per year; this would go someway to reducing the current
disparity between the UK's military commitments and government
expenditure.
Government must acknowledge that at a
time of real economic challenge, the Aerospace sector makes a
significant economic contribution to the UK economy and remains
one of the key capabilities for UK manufacturing.
Unite believes that education policy
in the UK needs to be reviewed and there must be a clear commitment
from government to raise and invest in opportunities for all people
in education or training in the UK.
The UK has the worst record for R&D
investment in Europe, government must ensure that investment in
R&D increases and provide mechanisms which assist UK based
companies to increase their investment in R&D and innovation.
Government must recognise that although
the sector is dynamic and vital there is still room for improvement.
Further reform of the procurement process would assist with greater
efficiency and reduce costs.
There needs to be an acceptance and a
commitment by government that through life capability for the
whole life of equipment provides better value for money than conventional
equipment procurement.
Unite believes there needs to be a greater
acknowledgement of the role that SMEs play within the sector especially
in relation to the lack of government investment in entrepreneurial
research and development in the sector.
8 September 2009
30 Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM). Back
31
All statistics (turnover, employment) published by The Motor Sports
Industry Association. Back
32
Improvement & Development Agency. Back
33
The Motor Sports Industry Association. Back
34
http://www.formulastudent.com/ Back
35
http://www.mediatodayonline.co.uk/pdf/supplements/LAT%20CV%20SHOW/P6LAT.PDF Back
36
http://www.pera.com/default.asp?id=774 Back
37
Society of British Aerospace Companies Ltd (SBAC) UK Aerospace
survey 2009, page 2. Back
38
ibid. Back
39
UK Trade & Investment (UKTI) UK Aerospace Spanning the Globe,
page 2. Back
40
TIMSS 2007 Distribution of Mathematics Achievement, page 34. Back
41
Ibid, page 35. Back
42
Department for Business, Innovation & Skills (BIS)-DCSF: National
Curriculum Assessments statistics at www.desf.gov.uk Back
43
Institute of Directors-Policy Voice Research Survey. Back
44
Society for British Aerospace Companies (SBAC) UK Aerospace Company
Survey 2009, page 6. Back
45
Society for British Aerospace Companies (SBAC) UK Aerospace Survey
2009, page 2. Back
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