28 A Digital Agenda for Europe
| (31638)
9981/10
COM(10) 245
| Commission Communication: A Digital Agenda for Europe
|
| Legal base | —
|
| Document originated | 19 May 2010
|
| Deposited in Parliament | 25 May 2010
|
| Department | Business, Innovation and Skills
|
| Basis of consideration | EM of 22 June 2010
|
| Previous Committee Report | None; but see (31645)10245/10 , chapter XX of this Report
|
| To be discussed in Council | 31 May 2010 Telecoms Council
|
| Committee's assessment | Politically important
|
| Committee's decision | Cleared
|
Background
28.1 On the relevant part of its website, the Commission notes
that telecoms are more than ever central to our lives and work
and that, in economic terms, the telecoms sector is one of Europe's
most important, with annual turnover of around €290 billion,
and around 4% of the jobs in the Union. It also notes that, more
widely, the prices charged by the telecoms sector represent a
direct cost of doing business in Europe. It sees the liberalisation
launched in the mid 1980s as having brought significant benefits
for consumers. But "there is still work to be done to create
an effective internal market in telecoms, which would bring even
greater benefits to consumers and businesses alike". Only
a few operators provide pan-European services. One of the reasons
is the different ways in which national regulators have implemented
the EU framework. The internal market is fragmented, with the
result that operators have to package their services in different
ways in different Member States, and satisfy different regulatory
requirements each time. That fragmentation is hindering effective
cross-border consolidation, and often blocking or delaying the
entry of new competitors to the market.[113]
The Commission Communication
28.2 Against this background, the Commission Communication sets
out the Commission's Digital Agenda for Europe (which will replace
the earlier i2010 Strategy). It is the first of seven flagship
initiatives under the "Europe 2020" strategy.[114]
The "Europe 2020" strategy, which was launched by the
Commission in March 2010, is a ten year strategy for smart, sustainable
and inclusive growth, designed to prepare the EU for the challenges
that it will face over the next 10 years. It was endorsed by the
25-26 March 2010 European Council.
28.3 In unveiling its Digital Agenda for Europe[115]
on 19 May 2010, the Commission said that implementing its ambitious
agenda would contribute significantly to the EU's economic growth
and spread the benefits of the digital era to all sections of
society. The Commission notes that half of European productivity
growth over the past 15 years was already driven by information
and communications technologies and this trend is likely to accelerate.
At that time, Commission Vice-President for the Digital Agenda
Neelie Kroes said:
"We must put the interests of Europe's citizens and businesses
at the forefront of the digital revolution and so maximise the
potential of Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs)
to advance job creation, sustainability and social inclusion.
The ambitious strategy set out today shows clearly where we need
to focus our efforts in the years to come. To fully realise the
potential of Europe's digital future we need the full commitment
of Member States, the ICT sector and other vital economic players."
28.4 The Digital Agenda focuses on seven priority areas, and foresees
some 100 follow-up actions, of which 31 would be legislative.
The seven areas are:
— creating
a digital Single Market;
— greater
inter-operability;
— boosting
internet trust and security;
— much
faster internet access;
— more
investment in research and development;
— enhancing
digital literacy skills and inclusion; and
— applying
information and communications technologies to address challenges
facing society like climate change and the ageing population.
28.5 At her press conference to introduce the Communication,
the Commissioner said that progress towards achieving the Communication's
objectives would be measured against a number of specific targets,
for example:
- by 2013, broadband coverage
for all EU citizens and, by 2020, fast broadband coverage at 30
Megabits per second for all EU citizens, with at least half European
households subscribing to broadband access at 100 Megabits per
second;
- by 2015, 50 per cent of the EU population should
be shopping online, with 20 per cent of the population using cross-border
online services;
- by 2015, regular internet use increased from
60 per cent to 75 per cent, and in the case of disadvantaged people
from 41per cent to 60 per cent;
- by 2015, halve the proportion of people who have
never used the internet (from 30 per cent to 15 per cent);
- by 2015, 50 per cent of EU citizens should be
using online public services, with more than half of them returning
filled in forms via the internet; and
- by 2020, doubling EU Member States' total annual
public spending on ICT Research and Development to €11 billion.
28.6 In his Explanatory Memorandum of 22 June 2010,
the Minister for Culture, Communications and Creative Industries
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills/Department for
Culture, Media and Sport (Ed Vaizey) summarises each of them as
follows:
A VIBRANT DIGITAL MARKET
"The EDA suggests that though the Internet is
'borderless', a true European single online digital market is
still some way off. As a result, this is stifling Europe's competitiveness
in the digital economy: as evidenced by the fact that many of
the most successful internet businesses such as Amazon, Google
and eBay originate outside of Europe. The Commission propose that
various actions should be taken to address this, in order that
European businesses can provide online services to all European
citizens, wherever they are in Europe. Actions include Commission
proposals to:
- make it easier to access online
content by simplifying copyright clearance and cross border licensing,
by 2010;
- make online and cross-border transactions more
straightforward, by 2010;
- introduce a directive on orphan works by 2010
(orphan works are a piece of copyrighted work where it is difficult
or impossible to contact the copyright holder);
- initiate measures that will increase the confidence
of consumers and businesses to carry out online transactions,
including clarifying existing online rights and boosting the role
of online trustmarks for retail websites, by 2012. (Trustmarks
are seals, logos or icons that are displayed on a Web site that
provide information about what steps an online merchant is taking
to protect its customers);
- evaluate the impact of the eCommerce Directive
on online markets by the end of 2010;
- measures to increase the harmonisation of numbering
resources for provision of business services across Europe, by
2011;
- reduce mobile roaming and national tariffs to
zero, by 2015; and
- ensure that an EU single market for telecommunications
services is expedited, including swift implementation of the amended
Electronic Communications framework by May 2011."
INTEROPERABILITY AND STANDARDS
"The aim of this priority is to ensure that
ICT products and services are as far as possible interoperable
with each other. Actions include:-
- The Commission proposing legal
measures to reform the rules on implementation of ICT standards
in Europe by 2010;
- The Commission promoting interoperability by
adopting a European Interoperability Strategy and framework in
2010; and
- Member States implementing the commitments on
interoperability and standards, as set out in the Malmo and Granada
Declarations, by 2013."
TRUST AND SECURITY
"The aim of this priority is for a series of
actions to foster trust and confidence amongst online users; in
particular, the threats to both IT networks and individual users
from cyber crime and cyber attacks, the right to privacy and the
protection of personal online data. This section also considers
the protection of critical information infrastructure from cybercrime
and cyber-attacks such as the recent attack on Estonian networks.
Actions include Commission proposals:
- for a series of measures that
will reinforce a high level network and information security policy.
These include legislative measures that modernise the European
Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA), by 2010;
- a Directive on attacks on information systems,
in 2010; and
- for the creation and support of reporting points
for illegal content online, (eg hotlines) as typified by the existing
EU Commissions EU Safer Internet Programme and also enhance cooperation
between these hotlines by 2013."
FAST INTERNET ACCESS
"Broadband was a key theme in the 'Europe 2020'
strategy. The EDA's overall priority is to increase both the rollout
of fast broadband, of up to 30mbps to all EU citizens and over
time, to rollout super fast broadband (above 100Mbps) to 50% of
the EU population. It is intended that this will allow EU economies
to create jobs and ensure that citizens can access the content
and services when they wish. The EDA also calls for an ambitious
EU radio spectrum policy that will enable the rollout of mobile
broadband especially in rural areas. Actions include:
- The Commission adopting a Broadband
Communication in 2010 that will include proposals to fund the
rollout of high speed broadband networks using EU funding mechanisms
such as European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and to consider
how to attract capital for broadband backed by European Investment
Bank and other EU Funds by 2014;
- Ensuring that this Broadband Communication will
also include a European Spectrum Policy Programme, that will propose
a more joined up spectrum policy at EU Level; and
- Member States should develop national broadband
plans by 2010, implement any European Spectrum Policy Programme
and utilise EU Structural and Rural Development Funds for ICT
investment."
RESEARCH AND INNOVATION
"The objective of this priority is to increase
European investment in ICT Research and Development (R&D),
and to ensure that the best ideas reach the market. The document
states Europe is currently under-investing in ICT R&D, when
compared to its major trading partners such as the US. To try
to ensure that this gap is closed, the Commission in 2010 will
also present a separate research and innovation strategy which
will be one of the seven flagship initiatives under Europe 2020
strategy. Proposals include:-
- increased use of private investment;
- better coordination and pooling of resources
between Member States;
- ideas for "light and fast" access to
EU Research funds, especially by SME's by 2011; and
- a doubling of public spending on ICT R&D
by Member States, by 2010."
ENHANCING DIGITAL LITERACY, SKILLS AND INCLUSION
"This priority considers how all of society
should benefit from the potential advantages that ICT can bring.
It also indicates that there should be no barriers to gaining
access to these critical online services. The Commission also
notes that many daily tasks are now carried out online including
applying for a job, paying taxes or booking travel. However the
Commission also notes that 150 million European citizens, or 30%,
have never used the Internet.
"This section also indicates that without a
skilled ICT workforce, ICT cannot be one of the 'engines' of European
growth, as well as a skills gap affecting at least 700,000 people.
"Actions to address this situation include:
- the Commission to develop tools
to identify and recognise the competencies of ICT workers and
users, linked to the European Qualifications Framework;
- a Commission proposal that Digital Literacy is
a priority for the European Social Fund Regulation for the period
2014-2020 and the Commission to make digital literacy a priority
for the 'New Skills for new jobs' (another of the seven flagship
'EU 2020' strategies) by 2010;
- promoting the participation of young women in
the ICT workforce;
- developing an online education tool on new media
technologies (in areas such as such as eCommerce, data protection
and social networks) by 2011; and
- Member States implementing the provisions on
disability in the telecoms framework and the Audio Visual Media
Services Directive, by 2011."
ICT BENEFITS TO ADDRESS SOCIETAL CHALLENGES
"This priority covers several policy areas,
including:-
- ICT and the environment;
- ensuring that eHealth fulfils its potential to
improve citizens' quality of life;
- the promotion of online cultural diversity and
European-produced online content;
- eGovernment services; and
- Intelligent Transport Systems."
28.7 Annex 1 of the Communication consists of a table
of the legislative actions and proposals — 31 in all —that
the Commission believes will be necessary to achieve the overall
aims of the EDA.
28.8 On the question of Subsidiarity, the Minister
says that "this Agenda is a mixture of Commission and Member
State actions".
28.9 The Minister concludes his analysis by noting
that:
— some
of the policies covered in the document are devolved matters under
the UK's devolution settlements and the devolved administrations
have been consulted in the preparation of this Explanatory Memorandum;
— the
Scottish Government have specifically expressed an interest in
this EM and have requested to be kept up to date on this
Agenda as it progresses; and
— the
Scottish Government have also indicated their interest in two
specific areas, "the first in regard to the development and
making of any operational national broadband plans by 2012 and
any measures that the UK Government may propose; and
the second is to facilitate broadband investment."
The Government's view
28.10 The Minister welcomes "this comprehensive
Communication and the forward looking strategy it outlines",
professes himself to be "particularly pleased about its focus
on how to derive economic benefit from the use of ICT", which
was "something we pressed the Commission on during its formation"
and agrees that the priority for the new EDA should be "a
focus on initiatives that derive maximum leverage from ICT for
economic growth and productivity."
28.11 He also supports actions that seek to resolve
both access to, and increased take-up of the internet by EU citizens
and businesses, but says:
"We do, though, have concerns that there are
a large number of actions, which could cause a lack of focus and
dissipate effort. We believe that the Commission should have applied
a more rigorous regime of prioritisation, which would have ended
up with a more simpler [sic], easier to achieve set of actions."
28.12 The Minister also says that to ensure effective
implementation of this agenda, he suggested at the recent Telecommunications
Council that the Commission, in conjunction with Member States,
should set out a route map for major items for example, and also
regularly report to Council on progress.
28.13 The Minister then says that "it is worth
noting that HMG is not in a position at this stage to comment
on all the proposals outlined in this Communication; this reflecting
work still being taken forward on policy development but also
the lack of details in some of the proposals from the Commission."
28.14 The Minister goes on to comment on major aspects
of the Communication as follows:
A DIGITAL SINGLE MARKET
"HMG notes the Commission's commitment to reform
the governance of collecting societies, and to initiate a new
look at cross-border licensing. We agree that it is important
to consider carefully the potential for greater transparency and
competition between collecting societies to benefit Europe's economy.
We also agree that there should be a full exploration of the extent
to which facilitating cross-border licensing would make it easier
for businesses to offer legal download services.
"HMG welcomes the commitment to orphan works
legislation, and to consider issues relating to out-of-print works,
which could help facilitate the digitisation and access to cultural
materials throughout Europe.
"HMG also welcomes the commitment to evaluate
but not revise the e-commerce directive this year.
"HMG agrees with the need to make online and
cross-border shopping more straightforward, with the aim of providing
consumers with access to greater choice and better prices, as
well as to make it easier and less costly for business to sell
to consumers in other Member States. We support exploring many
of the issues set out in the Commission's document but will need
to consider the details of any proposals before being able to
analyse the policy implications for the UK.
"HMG welcomes the commitment to strengthening
Europeana, the European digital library project. The European
Digital Libraries project provides a single point of access to
material from numerous national digital collections.
"There is no mention of the INSPIRE directive
(on the provision of geo-spatial information on public sector
infrastructures) which we have indicated would have expected to
have been referred to in this section. Under the UK, we have now
implemented this Directive and would therefore hope that any further
initiatives under the Digital Agenda are fully cognisant of the
MS obligations under INSPIRE, and do not overlap and / or conflict
with it.
"HMG welcomes harmonisation of telephone numbering
wherever possible. However we note that there have been previous
discussions and initiatives around a single Europe-wide numbering
scheme that have had minimal market take-up. We do not believe
that such schemes are needed at present, and that any needs in
this area can be met by existing international schemes."
INTEROPERABILITY AND STANDARDS
"HMG agrees that we need open and interoperable
standards, but are mindful that they are largely created on a
voluntary basis in a commercial marketplace. We note that open
standards includes the availability of reasonable remuneration
for intellectual property and that interoperability is best driven
by the existence of transparent mechanisms, processes and organisations
that allow market parties to work together. It is only in rare
instances, such as for specific societal needs that we have historically
mandated interoperability features on products and services. The
UK suggests that this approach is continued in future.
"The licensing and costing of intellectual property
and interoperability information in the standards process is an
emotive issue, and we welcome the Commission's wish to provide
further clarification. We suggest that any guidance should be
just that, and that the Commission should be sensitive to the
needs of all parties.
"We welcome the inclusion of the recognition
of specific products from fora and consortia. These should be
recognised as necessary to enable access to standards not produced
by formal European and national standards bodies. We are mindful
of the concerns expressed by formal bodies and see a need to use
this necessary provision sensitively."
ONLINE TRUST AND SECURITY
"HMG welcomes the recognition in the Digital
Agenda of the need to develop trust in online services, as well
as the need for Member States to have adequate legislation in
place to combat cyber attacks. We welcome the focus on increasing
the EU's ability to improve the resilience of networks and the
ability of the Member States to work collaboratively to deal with
attacks with cross-border dimensions. We note the objective to
extend the coverage of emergency response through Computer Emergency
Response Teams (CERT) and to continue to promote real-time networking
in this community and, importantly to provide the same functionality
to the European Institutions.
"Many of the European policy ideas in this area
have been explored by the House of Lords Inquiry into cyber attacks
arising from the Commission's 2009 Communication on Critical Information
Infrastructure Protection. We remain convinced, in keeping with
the views of the House of Lords Select Committee, that the EU
has a role to play but we will need to see the detail of the forthcoming
proposals on Network and Information Security and the future of
ENISA. These proposals will be the subject of a separate Explanatory
Memorandum.
"HMG are interested by the intimation that the
review of the Data Protection Directive will lead to compulsory
data breach notification. Although it shows some of the Commission
initial thinking, we will have to review the proposals when they
emerge and submit a separate Explanatory Memorandum. The
actions for Member States in this section seem reasonable and
would not, on the face of it, present significant problems for
the UK."
Fast Internet Access
"Broadband: The Communication contains three
targets which are broadly in line with the Government's policy.
These are:
- basic broadband for all Europeans
by 2013. This is clearly consistent with the UK Universal Service
Commitment to provide access to a 2 MBps service for all by 2012;
- by 2020, all Europeans to have access to speeds
of greater than 30MBps. This implies some involvement of fibre
in the access network (mobile and satellite are not at this point
capable of speeds over 30MBps). While the new Government has not
announced an explicit target for superfast broadband, this level
of ambition is consistent with the Coalition Agreement and subsequent
policy statements; and
- by 2020, 50% or more of European households subscribe
to internet connections above 100 MBps. This is the most ambitious
of the targets. It implies a fibre to the home connection (FTTH).
The average level of FTTH penetration in Europe according to the
Communication is 1% (compared with 2% in the USA, 12% in Japan
and 15% in South Korea). In addition to removing investment barriers
to allow coverage to grow, this would require demand-side action.
"There are also specific actions for the Commission
and Member States. These are also broadly in line with current
policy. The Communication suggests taking measures including possible
legal measures to facilitate broadband investment. The suggested
measures are precisely the ones being considered by the Government;
for example passive infrastructure sharing, co-ordination of civil
engineering works etc. The Communication also says that Member
States should use fully EU Structural and Rural Development Funds
— also in line with current policy.
"UK agrees that effective and efficient use
of spectrum is desirable and that technical harmonisation and
co-ordination of spectrum use at EU level are useful tools to
achieve this. However, any forthcoming proposals that mandates
harmonisation of use needs very careful examination and should
be based on rigorous analysis and evidence, taking into account
the circumstances of individual Member States. The European Radio
Spectrum Policy Programme (RSPP) will provide an excellent vehicle
to discuss the above issues. (The RSPP, outlines at a strategic
level how the use of spectrum can contribute to the most important
political objectives of the European Union from 2011 to 2015.)
"While we share the Commission's overall objective
of improving the functioning of the Single Market by promoting
lower mobile voice and data roaming charges, we are of the view
that the proposal that differences between national and roaming
charges should all but disappear by 2015 is an aspirational goal.
We will need to consider any further proposals on the regulation
of roaming charges on their merits and take into account not only
consumer benefit but also the impact on the mobile network operators
to ensure a sustainable and competitive market."
RESEARCH AND INNOVATION
"HMG welcomes the proposal to make the Framework
Programme 7 ICT Work Programme (FP7) more industry-oriented/industry-led.
This will hopefully encourage increased use of the funds available
by industry.
"In April 2010, the Commission released a communication
setting out its proposals for further simplifying the Framework
Programme, with options for the current programme (FP7) and more
radical options for future programmes (requiring changes to the
Financial Regulations). Many of the proposals, including a reduction
in auditing requirements and more use of lump sum payments, could
impact positively on business experience with FP, particularly
with respect of SMEs.
"As to the Commission's request that Member
States should double public spending on ICT R&D by 2020. The
UK public-sector spend on ICT will be determined by a process
of stakeholder consultation on priorities for publicly-funded
ICT R&D which has not yet taken place.
ENHANCING DIGITAL LITERACY AND SKILLS AND INCLUSION
"HMG suggests that with regards to the proposals
to increase digital participation, there does not appear to be
anything that runs counter to UK plans. However, we would not
want the EU to develop 'an online education tool on new media
technologies' and then mandate its use, as this could conflict
with the UK's myguide or similar tools. (myguide is a government
funded website that helps people take their first steps with computers
and the internet).
"HMG welcomes the emphasis on the ICT skills
agenda and look forward to receiving Commission proposals in this
area.
"We noted that the EDA proposes that Member
States implement the provisions on disability in the Audio Visual
Media Services Directive by 2011 and that the Commission will
ensure implementation of the AudioVisual Media Services Directive
provisions concerning cultural diversity and by the end of 2011
request information from Member States on their application. This
seems at odds with the deadline for transposition of all the provisions
of the Directive, which was December 2009 and that the deadline
for providing information is already in the Directive.
ICT BENEFITS TO ADDRESS SOCIETAL CHALLENGES
"With regard to the Smart Grid proposals, HMG
notes that the Communication gives the Commission a key action
of assessing by 2011 the potential contribution of smart grids
to the decarbonisation of energy supply in Europe and define a
set of minimum functionalities to promote the interoperability
of smart grids at European level by the end of 2010. While defining
a set of minimum functionalities to promote interoperability,
it is important to ensure these are broad enough to account for
different challenges Member States have. The European Electricity
Grids Initiative has already identified a broad set of minimum
functionalities for a Smart Grid which should act as a basis for
any future discussions.
"The Communication further proposes that Member
States agree by end-2011 common additional functionalities for
smart meters. This objective is inconsistent with an existing
EU process established by DG Enterprise to develop non-mandatory
standards for the functionality of smart meters and the telecommunications
that support them. This process is intended to be completed by
2012. It is important that any process to establish smart meter
functionalities at the EU level be flexible enough to meet all
Member States' differing energy and environmental policy objectives.
"Many Member States, including the UK, are already
developing smart meter programmes. Member States are also required
to implement the 3rd Energy Package Directives, which require
installation of smart electricity meters to 80% of consumers by
2020 where there is a positive impact assessment for doing so.
Whilst there are some benefits in establishing common high-level
functionalities for smart meters, for the UK and for other Member
States, meeting the 3rd Package timetable is likely
to require decisions on meter functionality before any EU processes
have run their course.
"HMG have strong doubts about the feasibility
and acceptability of equipping European citizens with access to
their clinical data by 2015 and would welcome more information
about how the Commission intends to achieve this. We would also
welcome more clarity on the aim for widespread deployment of telemedicine
and its definition by 2020.
"On the proposal for a minimum set of patient
data, HMG believes that this proposal for a Recommendation will
be premature. A proper evaluation of the Smart Open Services for
Patients pilots (epSOS) (phase 1 of which finishes in February
2012) is necessary before such a Recommendation is proposed.
"HMG in principle welcomes an approach to greater
standardisation and ease of interoperability across borders but
we have concerns about the practicalities of implementing the
actions proposed for this draft Digital Agenda. Also between the
four devolved health administrations in the UK there are differences
in eHealth strategies and priorities plus financial constraints
which should be acknowledged in wider policy and strategy goals.
"Therefore with EU-wide information standards,
care should be taken not to impose new standards on all countries
without assessing the cost and other impacts.
"The UK Government supports the EU proposals
to improve child internet safety and they are consistent
with the approach the UK has been following.
"We welcome the proposal for greater pan-European
co-operation between hotlines."
28.15 Turning to the Financial Implications,
the Minister says that, although the Communication as such does
not have any financial implications, the Commission proposes to
leverage more private investment by maintaining a pace of 20%
yearly increase in the ICT R&D budget, for at least the duration
of 7th Framework Programme, 2007-2013, and comments as follows:
"While the UK sees R&D as a driver for growth,
the EU budget decisions must be seen in the context of fiscal
consolidation and good financial management. Any increase in funding
must be made through reprioritisation away from areas with low
EU value added.
"The Commission proposes by 2020 to double annual
total public spending on ICT research and development spending
from €5.5bn to €11bn (£4.6bn-£9bn and including
EU programmes), to leverage more private spending. Negotiations
on the framework for the EU budget from 2014-2020 will begin in
early 2011, and agreement is expected in 2012. The Commission
cannot enter into financial commitments for this period until
the negotiations have been concluded. The UK, along with
other Member States, will seek to ensure that discussions on policy
areas in advance of those negotiations cannot prejudice the outcome
of the negotiations."
28.16 The Minister concludes by noting that:
—
Council Conclusions were adopted at the Telecoms Council on 31
May, the contents of which he says are:
"a set of 'bland endorsements' at a very high
level that did not sign the UK up to any particular part of the
Digital Agenda, before the negotiations on each of the proposals
that form the EDA have taken place." [116]
— The
Commission will now begin to publish the various proposals according
to the timetable; the first being the Broadband Recommendation,
due out this month.
Conclusion
28.17 As the Commissioner also said at her press
conference: "The digital world affects us all — there
is no choice about that. But we can take the decision to use these
changes to boost European growth, jobs and the well-being of our
citizens. That is the decision the Commission is taking today,
and we call on all those with a stake in this digital future for
Europe to join us in moving forward." The extent of this
challenge is plainly set out in an associated Communication, on
the development thus far of EU communications markets, which we
consider elsewhere in this Report, and which demonstrates just
how far the EU is from a single market in this area.
28.18 In the short-term, we look forward to considering
the upcoming Broadband Recommendation, and those other proposals
that are put forward.
28.19 We now clear the document.
113 See "Telecoms in the European Union"
at http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/ecomm/index_en.htm.
Back
114
See http://ec.europa.eu/eu2020/pdf/COMPLET%20EN%20BARROSO%20%20%20007%20-%20Europe%202020%20-%20EN%20version.pdf
for details. Back
115
See http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/digital-agenda/index_en.htm
for full background. Back
116
The conclusions are available at http://www.eu2010.es/export/sites/presidencia/comun/descargas/may31_pressreleaseEN.pdf
Back
| 
