Effective road and traffic management

Written evidence from t he National Joint Utilities Group Ltd (NJUG) (ETM 29)

1.0 NJUG – Introduction

1.1 The National Joint Utilities Group Ltd (NJUG) is the only UK trade association solely representing utilities and their contractors on street works issues. NJUG is a constructive organisation with a focus on promoting best practice, self-regulation and a two-way working relationship with Government and other relevant stakeholders. NJUG is also the utility arm of the Highway Authorities and Utilities Committee (HAUC(UK)) working collaboratively with local authorities, the UK Government and the devolved administrations to improve standards of road and street works in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

1.2 NJUG's members include the major gas, water, electricity and communications companies operating in the UK, as well as their contractors [1] . Including members through trade associations, NJUG represents thirty-seven utility companies and thirteen utility contractors.

1.3 Th is submission is focused on the three points in the call for evidence where we have particular expertise – the prevalence and impact of traffic congestion and likely future trends ; the extent to which the Government and local authorities should intervene to alleviate congestion and the best means to do so ; and the effectiveness of legislative provisions for road management under the New Roads and Street Works Act 1991 and the Traffic Management Act 2004.

2.0 Executive Summary

2.1 Utility services are the essential fabric of the UK economy and street works are undertaken for four main reasons - safety, security of supply, to connect new customer or upgrade existing customers’ supplies, or to divert utility apparatus to facilitate major transport or urban regeneration projects such as Crossrail, the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics, tram projects, or new housing developments.

2.2 Utilities are investing billions to improve the quality and reliability of these essential networks. The Health and Safety Executive has placed a requirement on gas network owners to replace all cast iron gas mains within 30 metres of buildings; the water industry continues to replace its network of water mains, which often dates back to the Victorian era, to reduce leakage, and the communications industry is investing in the next generation of broadband networks.

2.3 This investment in the essential infrastructure on which we all depend , means that the volume of utility works will not decrease for the foreseeable future. Therefore it is vital that utilities and lo cal authorities, who have a statutory duty to co-ordinate all works in the highway , work together better to plan works and develop further innovative ways to reduce the disruption caused by both utility and highway authorities’ own works.

2.4 Utilities are sub ject to a myriad of legislation/ regulation governing their street works . Additionally, local authorities have a statutory Network Management Duty requiring them to ensure the expeditious movement of traffic and a specific duty to co-ordinate their own and utilities’ works. The primary legislation regulating utility street works and t he implementation of the associated Regulations and Codes of Practice has done much to reduce the unfortunate disruption that sometime arises from essential utility works. However, in order for the regulations to fulfil their full potential they need to be applied more consistently and effectively (as recognised in a previous Transport Committee Report [2] ). Equally, if Government is to implement further measures to regulate works in the street, it must be noted that utilities undertake only 50% of the works in the street, and similar incentives that already exist for utilities , and any new regulations, should be applied to highway authority works which account for the other 50%.

2. 5 NJUG and the Local Authorities , through the auspices of the national Highways and Utilities Committee (HAUC(UK)), assist DfT and the Devolved Administrations in achieving their priorities. NJUG is also driving forward numerous self-regulatory initiatives to reduce disruption and improve the quality of works, including implementing the National Code of Conduct (Section 4.0).

2. 6 DfT recently revised its Business Plan to reflect Government’s overarching priorities of deficit reduction, deregulation and localism . Measures include - a substantial increase in S74 overstay charges; introduction of a daily charge for every day utilities occupy the highway (lane rental); and devolvement of approval of permit schemes to local authorities. The DfT has also decided not to honour the previous Government’s commitment to a one-year independent review of permit s chemes .

2. 7 However, Government has committed to reducing regulation and costs on business . T herefore , NJUG believes that Government support for the range of self-regulatory measures , combined with effective and consistent implementation by all local authorities of the myriad of existing regulations/legislation will deliver a further improvement in street works and reduced disruption, without the need for extra measures. Therefore, serious consideration of any additional regulations / increases should includ e a rigorous assessment of costs and benefits .

2.8 NJUG therefore wishes to continue to work constructively with Central and Local G overnment to ensure any proposals are robust and workable and do not place any unnecess ary additional costs on utilities and their customers .

3.0 The prevalence and impact of traffic congestion and likely future trends

3.1 NJUG and utilities recognise that essential street works can sometimes cause unfortunate disruption and are working hard to reduce it .

3.2 According to an independent study [3] by Professor Goodwin (Professor of Transport Policy, University of the West of England) utility and authority works together account for only 10% of all congestion, on an approximately 50 / 50 basis, meaning that just 5% of congestion is caused by utility works. T he scale of disruption for which utilities are often blamed is striking in its contrast to figures provided by Professor Goodwin’s report, which shows that the "great majority of works cause delays of less than 20 seconds per vehicle".

3.3 Whilst utilities continue, through a range of self-regulatory measures (see section 4.0), to reduce the unfortunate disruption essential street works sometimes cause, given that just 5% of congestion is attributable to utility works, it is clear that action by utility companies can only have a limited impact on overall levels of congestion – for example a 20% improvement by utility companies w ould result in only a 1% reduction in congestion.

3.4 Whereas DfT forecast in their latest report (Road Transport Forecasts 2009 – Results from the Department for Transport’s National Transport Model [4] ) that the volume of traffic will continue to increase at a rate of 0.5% per annum between 2008 to 2015. However, "the return to economic growth, predicted to begin in early 2010 and to gain strength in 2011 is likely to lead to traffic growing more strongly than the average annual rate forecast for the 2008-2015 period."

3. 5 This means that all the work utilities are undertaking to reduce disruption can only be part of the solution, and there is a risk that any improvements will be dwarfed by the sheer volume in traffic as it steadily grows. Therefore it is important to recognise this when considering further legislative / regulatory measures, with a focus on address ing traffic volumes likely to deliver greater results.

3. 6 U tility works are highly regulated and are controlled through a myriad of legislation / regulations. In addition to the wide-ranging provisions of the New Roads and Street Works Act 1991 already available to local authorities to manage street works, the Government has implemented a range of new provisions under the Traffic Management Act 2004 (TMA) – see section 5.0. Additionally, economic regulators for energy and water further incentivise utilities to operate efficiently through five-yearly regulatory settlements. Whilst regulators’ statutory duties vary, their central objectives are to protect the consumer, by balancing investment for the future with price levels to customers and ensuring all works are undertaken as efficiently as possible.

3. 7 However, currently there are no financial incentives for local authorities to carry out their work in a similarly efficient and timely manner even though they account for around half of all works.

3. 8 Scotland has an independent road works commissioner who is able to penalise both utilities and local authorities for failures to coordinate and cooperate , which has proved to be effective at encouraging a more collaborative approach to reducing disruption . C onsideration should be given to how the benefits of this approach could be realised in the rest of the UK , given how effective it has been in Scotland.

4.0 The extent to which the Government and local authorities should intervene to alleviate congestion and the best means of doing so

4.1 U tilit ies are continually under pressure from economic regulators, road users, Government, local authorities, and the public to reduce the time works take, and so works are planned on the basis of ensuring the safety of the public and operatives and securing / enhancing their networks whilst taking as little time as possible. Yet street works account for a small proportion of overall congestion, with mostly arises from volume of traffic and road accidents , and so congestion alleviation policies need to focus heavily on these areas to be truly effective.

4.2 However, we believe that s ome Government and local authority intervention is necessary to tackle the unfortunate disruption that utility and highway works can sometimes cause. The Traffic Management Act 2004 imposed a statutory duty on local authorities to manage their networks (The Network Management Duty), however currently there is inconsistent application by local authorities of the powers they have to help them fulfil this duty. More effective application would negate the need for further intervention by the Government.

4.3 I n the light of cuts in local authority budgets , coupled with devolvement of additional responsibilities and powers as a result of localism, there is a danger of greater inconsistencies in interpreting and applying regulation . This would place considerable burdens on utility companies, many of whom have a national footprint or work across many local authorities, and who would therefore be faced with a range of approaches a cross their operating area, increasing costs and creating a potential for inadvert e nt non-compliance . Equally, i t is important that the emphasis remains on improving the quality and management of works rather than on revenue-generation. It should not be forgotten that utilities already make a very significant contribution - in excess of £1.3 billion per year - to local authorities through "business (cumulo) rates" charged on their network assets, which are the assets that utilities carry out roadworks to maintain. At present, we understand that this contribution is not specifically allocated for highway maintenance .

4.4 T he refore, the most effective way of reducing disruption from works in the street is through Government and local authorities working in partnership with utilit ies to better coordinate and manage works to consistent standards . NJUG has been working constructively with local authority and DfT colleagues through HAUC(UK) and with individual authorities across the UK.

4.5 Government / local authorities should also encourage and promote self-regulatory measures instead of further regulation, particularly given Government spending cuts and the deregulation agenda . NJUG has driven a number of voluntary initiatives deliver ing real benefits through a step-change in the quality and impact of street works, including improved safety, quality, sustainability , communication and reduced disruption, as well as extensive sharing of best practice.

4.6 However, whilst we are seeing many examples of good practice becoming commonplace, we need to continue to further improve the safety and quality of works and find new ways of reducing disruption. A summary of these voluntary initiatives is below:

4. 7 NJUG’s Vision for Street Works [5] Launched in early 2007 it reflects NJUG’s commitment to supporting the implementation of the Traffic Management Act 2004 as well as existing street works legislation and codes of practice. It has gained high-level commitment from the vast majority of utility companies to deliver improvements in safety, sustainability, quality, co-ordination, communication and co-operation whilst reducing disruption and damage to underground assets, and has acted as a real catalyst for change.

4. 8 The Annual NJUG Awards – Launched in 2008 to recognise the voluntary efforts being made by utilities and contractors to combat disruption and improve efficiency of works. There are six categories, one for each Vision for Street Works statement. Most importantly, the Awards provide examples of best practice, which are converted into case studies and shared across industry .

4.9 Mayor’s London Code of Conduct – Launched in 2009, the Code is a voluntary agreement between the Mayor of London and the capital’s largest utilities in order to reduce the unfortunate disruption sometimes caused by essential utility street works. In its first year it delivered:

· Significant increases in the use of plating, out of hours working and first-time reinstatements;

· Better co-ordination and communication including improved signage on sites;

· Increased joint safety visits of local authorities, utilities, the Health and Safety Executive, and police who audit any works within the highway (from skips and scaffolding to highway and utility works), with any serious digressions tackled through a Joint Review process;

· 996 days saved occupation of the street.

4. 10 National Code of Conduct [6] The content of the London Code has been modified by NJUG so that it can be applied to the whole of the UK, and is intended to mirror the success the Mayor and NJUG members have achieved in the capital . The Code was jointly launched with the London Mayor in Summer 2010, and is being rolled out across industry. Discussions are well advance d in develop ing a HAUC(UK) Code in conjunction with authority colleagues.

4.1 1 Regional forums / conferences – NJUG holds seminars to share good practice around the country and attend s national/regional conferences to spread good practice.

4.1 2 Improving co-ordination – NJUG has also initiated many other voluntary initiatives and worked closely with highway colleagues – including:

· Sharing plans of major works up to 2 years in advance , allowing better co-ordina tion ;

· Giving longer periods of notice than legally required for shorter-duration works;

· Participating in the successful Workathons introduced by TfL – which take advantage of a road closure to bring in numerous different organisations to do small short-term works.

4.1 3 HAUC(UK) Strategy and Business Plan [7] - With local authority colleagues, NJUG has developed a strategy and business plan to support the delivery of the DfT Business Plan and Devolved Administration priorities , as well a range of voluntary initiatives to improve the quality of road and street works. This is currently being updated to reflect new government priorities.

5.0 The effectiveness of legislative provisions for road management under the New Roads and Street Works Act 1991 (NRSWA 1991) and the Traffic Management Act (TMA) 2004

5.1 The TMA built on and improved the provisions of NRSWA 1991. Under the TMA there is a wide range of legislation / regulation to enable local authorities to deliver their Network Management Duty. The success of local authorities in carrying out their network management duties and effectively utilising these legislative provisions has been very varied. However NJUG does believe the current legislative provisions have delivered many improvements in the management of street works, a summary of which is below:

Improved Noticing (introduced April 2008)

5.2 The improved Noticing provisions require greater periods of notice to be given when utilities wish to undertake works. This allows local authorities more time to co-ordinate street works.

5.3 C orrect and timely Noticing helps local authorities co-ordinate and manage street works. Utilities have focused heavily on improving the timeliness / quality of Noticing, with numerous authorities reporting significant improvements since the Noticing requirements were enhanced in April 2008. Sustained awareness campaigns / training have emphasised the importance of correct Noticing, with many utilities reporting 97+% compliance. Equally, streamlining processes has reduced inadvertent non-compliance. Utilities continue to monitor their compliance levels and introduce proportionate and cost-effective measures to further drive towards 100% compliance.

S74 Overstay Charging (originally introduced in 2002 under NRSWA 1991 and then increased in April 2008 under the provisions of the TMA 2004 – with further increases being considered )

5.4 Utilities are required to agree with the local authority the number of days that works will take. When introduced in 2002 S74 delivered a step-change in the reduction of duration of works . Further increase s in the charge levels were introduced in April 2008 , but with considerable shortening of durations already achieved further significant reductions won’t be easily deliverable.

Fixed Penalty Notices (FPNs) (introduced May 2009)

5.5 In May 2009, the Government introduced the option for local authorities to serve a FPN including a fine of £120 (or £80 if paid within 29 days) for a range of Noticing infringements, such as late or incorrect Noticing. Local authorities retain the right to take a utility to court for persistent non-compliance, but the FPN provides a quick and cheaper alternative to penalise utilities for not telling authorities about their works in a timely and accurate manner.

Permits (introduced January 2010)

5. 6 Currently local authorities, either singly or together, may apply to the Secretary of State to run a permit scheme, which requires utilities, and local authorities’ own highways teams to apply for permits to undertake works. In granting permits, local authorities can apply conditions, including when works can take place. As with Noticing, permit schemes require greater notice to be given of works, including three months for works of 10 days or more. This allows local authorities to better co-ordinate both their own and utility works and thereby reduce disruption.

5. 7 So far, only three schemes have been approved. The common permit scheme in London requir ing permits for all works in all streets of those authorities who have introduced it , regardless of whether the street is busy or not . In contrast, Kent’s permit scheme takes a more proportionate approach, by focus ing on the major works on the busiest streets to deliver maximum benefit for minimum administrative burden and cost. This is based on the general principle that about 80% of the disruption is on approximately 20% of the streets . The final scheme is in Northamptonshire , which has just gone liv e in January 2011 and like the Kent scheme, it focus es on strategic roads only which equates to around 19% of their road network .

5. 8 NJUG is also work ing constructively with other local authorities to develop robust workable permit schemes that efficient ly tackl e congestion without placing unnecessary burdens on utilities and their customers, whilst also ensuring that essential street works programmes take place.

5. 9 However, NJUG has concerns about some local authorities’ operation of permit schemes. The London Permit Scheme, introduced in January 2010, is not targeted to prioritise works on the most traffic-sensitive parts of the network . It is therefore unlikely to reduce congestion as intended, whilst imposing significant additional costs on utilities and their customers, particularly given inconsistent application of the scheme. Interestingly, on the day the scheme came into force London Mayor Boris Johnson commented that permits would not be effective in reducing congestion in London (despite having pushed for its early implementation) and that he wanted lane rental. In contrast, because the Kent Permit Scheme focuses on only the most congested roads, it enables utilities to prioritise those works. So far, the County Council has seen a 50% reduction in complaints about street and road works.

5.10 It is also worth noting that differing schemes add unnecessary additional costs to utilities, their customers and indeed local authorities, and increase inadvertent non-compliance because of the

many differences between schemes.

5.1 1 During the passage of the TMA through Parliament , the previous Government committed to evaluate the effectiveness of permit schemes one year after their implementation . This was a commitment that we welcomed, to enable the relative benefits and costs of differing schemes to be assessed and lessons to be learnt and shared. However, since the election, t he DfT has stated that due to funding restrictions th is evaluation will not now be carried out by the Department. I nstead local authorities will report on the effectiv e ness of their own schemes. NJUG believes that an independent assessment of both the London and Kent schemes will not only demonstrate their respective effectiveness and identify th e full costs incurred, but will also provide a valuable comparison of the two different schemes, enabling analysis and sharing of the most effective practices, for other authorities to consider when developing their own schemes.

 5.1 2 NJUG therefore urges the Transport Select Committee to emphasise the importance of the need for an independent assessment of the initial period of operation of permit schemes, and i n the absence of the Department for Transport carry ing out such an assessment, we urge the Committee to consider launching an inquiry of its own.

Government’s current policies

5.1 3 The DfT’s recent Business Plan includes proposals to devolve permit approval powers to local authorities (delivery deadline April 2012); increase S74 Overstay Charges (delivery deadline October 2011); and to consult on and deliver lane rental regulations (delivery deadline December 2011). These measures will have a significant financial impact on utilities and their customers.

5.1 4 NJUG is concerned that implementation of these policies will require utilities to redirect their efforts to meeting specific regulatory requirements, rather than continuing to deliver further improvements through successful self-regulatory measures.

5.1 5 NJUG contributes to and supports robust workable regulation which does not impose unnecessary additional costs on utilities and their customers. For several years, we have been working closely with DfT and local authority colleagues to develop e ssential regulations and codes of practice to improve the quality and safety of works. As part of the Government’s desire to not impose further burdens on business, these workstreams have been delayed to allow further consideration of how to reduce their financial impact. However, in contrast, the DfT continue to press ahead with lane rental and increases in S74 which will have significant financial implications for utilities and their customers.

5.1 6 The administrative cost of managing and complying with these new regulations has increased substantially for both utilities and local authorities at a time when both are under pressure to make efficiency cuts. Furthermore, NJUG is concerned that , in light of how high the potential financial implications of these new regulat ions are for both parties, a greater focus will be placed on charging or avoiding charges at the expense of improving the quality of the works or developin g new innovative ideas to limit the associated unfortunate disruption .

5.1 7 Therefore NJUG believes that the existing regulations, if implemented consistently and effectively by all local authorities, would further reduce disruption caused by utility and highway works and therefore negate the need for more regulation. However, if the DfT wish to pursue additional regulations then NJUG would welcome an early opportunity to work with them to ensure that they are fair and workable , do not place unnecessary burdens on utilities and their customers and apply to all works equally .

Lane rental (S74a of the NRSWA 1991)

5.18 Lane rental would be an additional charge imposed on utilities ( ultimately paid for by their customers) for every day they occupy the highway regardless of how efficiently they undertake works. Given the myriad of regulation already available and the numerous voluntary measures introduced by NJUG, we do not believe that lane rental will necessarily deliver significant additional benefits over and above the existing legislation, whilst increasing utility costs considerably.

5.19 However, i f lane rental was to be implemented it could only be effective if applied to all works promoters - highway authorities as well as utilities . Additionally, NJUG believes it should be targeted only at pinch points on strategic roads, where there are very high recorded traffic densities, and only in cities where there are a significant number of pinch points. Any scheme should also be incentive - based, providing an opportunity for works promoters to work safely outside of critical / peak times and use plating during the busiest times to return the road to use, where practical and safe to do so, or working in collaboration with others, and in doing so avoid the charge . This is a view that has been endorsed by DfT. However, the additional financial and social cost of personnel work ing out of hours, and the additional time factor of putting down and removing plating each day need s to be considered when assessing the costs and benefits of lane rental.

5.20 The DfT has come under considerable pressure from key stakeholders to expedite lane rental proposals as soon as possible. However, to have a chance of making a difference on overall levels of disruption , any lane rental proposals must be equally applied to local authority works, who account for nearly half of all works, but which currently face no financial incentives or penalties to carry out works in an efficient and timely manner. According to TfL’s own figures [1] 38% of London’s traffic delays are caused by road works, with half from utility works and half from local authority works. Prematurely implementing the proposals target ing only utilities would raise false expectations of having a major reduction in congestion, while imposing significant costs to utility customers . T herefore robust analysis of costs / benefits is vital before any implementation.

5.21 NJUG is also concerned that there may be a perverse incentive for authorities to manage works in such a way that delivers maximum revenue, rather than always reducing disruption which must be addressed .

5.22 Given the Government ’s interest in enabling the implement ation of lane rental , NJUG would welcome the opportunity to work with DfT / TfL to develop an initial scheme targeted at pinch points on selected strategic routes in London. This should include rigorous assessment of the costs and benefits, with a full review prior to consideration of implementation elsewhere. Such benefits should be over and above those already claimed in the Cost Benefit Analysis for the introduction of changes to the Co-ordination Code of Practice, Improving Noticing regulations, FP Ns , Section 74 Overstay Charges and Permit Schemes.

Increased S74 Overstay Charges

5.23 Since its introduction in 2001, Section 74 Overstay Charging has delivered a step-change in reducing durations.

5.24 However , Government is now considering a substantial increase in S74 charges . With considerable shortening of durations already achieved, NJUG has serious doubts whether a similar step-change to achieve even shorter durations is possible, given the need to maintain safety, quality and environmental standards .

5.25 NJUG is also concerned that any such increase may lead to (i) increased utility costs disproportionate to any benefit and ii) encourag e some local authorities to use S74 as an income stream because of the large numbers of works involved, resulting in an increase in spurious s74 charges and FPNs not in the spirit of the HAUC(UK) Advice Note on FPNs [2] .

5.2 6 Utilities are alive to the cost/reputational damage of overrunning works, and are already incentivised to be efficient and minimise duration s of works through their economic regulatory settlements (gas, water and electricity) or commercial pressures ( tele communications).

5.2 7 Utilities acknowledge the perception that nothing is happening if there is no-one on site, but there are often good reasons for this – such as concrete drying, waiting for a unique part to be manufactured (given that gas and water mains can date back to Victorian times) or workers having been diverted to an emergency. However utilities are taking positive steps to minimise these and also improve commu nication with the public. F or instance a number of companies have introduced new street signage explaining why there appears to be no activity on site and the expected date works will be completed .

5.2 8 However, as part of the NJUG National Code of Conduct (Section 4.0) we continue to encourage utilities to minimise durations of works at all times.

5.29 NJUG does not therefore believe there should be any further increase in S74 charges, as in the current economic climate S74 at its existing level remains a potent drive for utilities to minimise the duration of their works .

Permits

5.30 NJUG is concerned that the Government’s drive for localism and consequent decision to devolve the approval of permit schemes by the Secretary of State to local authorities may lead to schemes being less focused on major disruption and more towards generating fees, all of which increases the administrative and financial burden on utilit ies and their customers. Additionally, with local authorities approving their own schemes, there is a risk that a) without a sense check by the Secretary of State, local authorities will unwittingly misinterpret the regulations and introduce overly burdensome requirements and b) numerous different schemes will lead to inadvertent non-compliance , and increased costs / administrative burden for utilities.

6.0 Recommendations

In summary, we would like to make the following recommendations for the Committee’s consideration:

6.1 Following the decision of the DfT not to undertake the one-year review of the effectiveness of permit schemes, NJUG urges the Committee to emphasise the importance of there being an independent assessment of the initial period of operation of permit schemes, and in the absence of a D fT assessment, consider launching an inquiry of its own .

6.2 We urge the Committee to call on Government to ensure that, in devolving the approval of permit schemes to local authorities, there are suitable safeguards in place to ensure that :

· A uthorities are appropriately incentivised to deliver a balance between reducing disruption and ensuring the efficient and cost-effective supply of essential utility services;

· A uthorities don’t use existing/new regulation as a way of increasing income;

· It is recognised that inco nsistency of approach will add costs and bureaucracy, and also potential non-compliance by utilities and highway authorities;

· M echanisms are in place to share best practice so that individual local authorities do not all ‘re-invent the wheel’ .

6.3 NJUG also asks the Committee to consider the proposed increases in S74 overstay charges and implementation of lane rental , in light of the Government’s commitment to not impos e further additional burdens on business , and given the myriad of legislation already in place to regulate utility street works . The combination of significant self-regulatory measures initiated by NJUG along with the TMA provisions has already resulted in considerable improvements in the quality of works and reduced disruption . However, further improvements and consistency in implementing the TMA could negate the need for more regulations.

6.4 We therefore ask the Committee to urge Government to demonstrate that any new regulations deliver additional benefits over and above existing regulation; that costs to utilities / their customers are minimised; and that benefits considerably outweigh the costs.

6.5 Finally, we urge the Committee to acknowledge that utility works only contribute to a small percentage of overall congestion and that without applying equal incentives to local authority works, any new regulations will have little impact on reducing congestion.

February 2011


[1] NJUG members include the Energy Networks Association (representing electricity and gas), Water UK (representing all water and wastewater companies), National Grid, Openreach, and Virgin Media. Our associate members are Clancy Docwra, Skanska Utilities, Balfour Beatty, Morrison Utility Services, Morgan Est, NACAP, PJ Keary, First Intervention, Carillion, Enterprise , Laing O’Rourke and AMEC

[2] Transport Select Committee Road and Pathway Maintenance Report (2003) – Recommendations 21 to 25 http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmselect/cmtran/407/40708.htm

[3] “Utilities' Street Works and the Cost of Traffic Congestion” Professor Phil Goodwin, February 2005. http://www.transport.uwe.ac.uk/research/projects/NJUG-congestion.asp

[4] http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/economics/ntm/forecasts2009/pdf/forecasts2009.pdf

[4]

[5] http://www.njug.org.uk/category/3/pageid/8/

[6] A copy of the National Code of Conduct can be found here: http://www.njug.org.uk/uploads/1006_NJUG_Code_of_Conduct_-_final_.pdf

[7] The latest version of the HAUC(UK) Strategy and Business Plan can be found here: http://www.hauc-uk.org.uk/category/3/pageid/95 /

[1] “Progress Report No 1 (Feb 2010) – Mayor’s Code of Conduct for Road Works”, TfL, February 2010, p6

[1] http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/mayors-code-of-conduct-roadworks-progress-report.pdf

[2] The FPN advice note can be viewed here http://www.hauc-uk.org.uk/publication/15