4 Achieving the Goals
The
impact of UK aid for climate change and the environment
58. DFID told us
The Millennium Development Goals have quite clearly
had a huge influence over DFID's aid programmes and policies.
Once the MDG framework was in existence, it gave shape and focus
to much of DFID's work…
…The Post-2015 agenda provides the UK the
opportunity to help shape an integrated agenda that will help
to define not only DFID's aid programmes but also how HMG's wider
international policies will contribute to the challenges.[165]
INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE FUND AND FUTURE
GREEN CLIMATE FUND
59. The main element of DFID's bilateral funding
for climate change and environmental protection is the £3.9
billion allocated between April 2011 and March 2016 for the International
Climate Fund (ICF).[166]
This supports programmes that help the poor in developing countries
to adapt to the impacts of climate change, promote low carbon
growth and protect forests. The allocation of funding is 2.4bn
for DFID, £140m for Defra and £1.3bn for DECC. 56% of
ICF funding has been directed to low carbon development, 27% to
adaptation and 10% to forestry, with the remaining 7% spent on
cross-cutting areas.[167]
60. Dominic White of WWF told us that he found the
commitment to the ICF "impressive, and the UK has taken the
lead for sure in some of the innovation and research that has
gone on under that programme".[168]
Justine Greening told us that DFID had used the ICF "to hopefully
turbo-charge some of the multilateral climate funds", to
complement the bilateral Forest Governance, Markets & Climate
programme tackling illegal logging.[169]
DFID told us that it will also spend £60 million on a new
programme to encourage businesses to join the fight against deforestation—the
Investments in Forests and Sustainable Land Use initiative.[170]
Ministers agreed in October to a bilateral programme between 2015
and 2018 to combat deforestation in Indonesia, funded from DFID's
ICF allocation.[171]
61. In our 2011 report on The impact of UK overseas
aid on environmental protection and climate change adaptation
and mitigation we welcomed the establishment of the ICF, but
stated "given the sums involved, we recommend greater clarity
over what the ICF will deliver, how funding decisions will be
made, the governance arrangements for the Fund and how its impacts
will be measured".[172]
DFID's 2014 annual report highlights how the Department has supported
nearly 3.4 million people to cope with the effects of climate
change, and improved access to clean energy for almost 2.4 million
people. However, despite committing to "give more protection
to the world's forests and the 1.2 billion people who depend on
them" it has so far only been able to report 5,000 hectares
of avoided deforestation and degradation in Nepal. [173]
62. The Independent Commission for Aid Impact were
due to assess the impact and value for money of the International
Climate Fund in 2013, but at the time we took evidence from Ministers
in December 2014 this had still not been published.[174]
A separate independent assessment of the ICF's delivery options
highlighted that "the overall administrative costs …
appear moderate, although there are some concerns about incentives
for efficiency at the project level",[175]
and "while 30 of the 33 investment plans in the [Strategic
Climate Fund] have a results framework in place, only one out
of 16 of the [Clean Technology Fund] investment plans do. Stakeholders
interviews have also raised concerns that some of the early [Clean
Technology Fund] investment plans do not place sufficient emphasis
on development benefits."[176]
Amber Rudd told us that the ICF has "careful monitoring of
all its initiatives" and that the Government "take very
seriously" the good governance of the Fund. [177]
Defra were "in touch with our delivery partners on the ground,
for example in Brazil, to monitor and get feedback on progress",[178]
and outlined the monitoring and evaluation arrangements.[179]
63. The Government has announced a UK commitment
to fund 12% of the Green Climate Fund, up to £720m, drawn
from existing UK commitments to the International Climate Fund
to support projects between 2015 and 2018.[180]
The Fund is aiming to spend 50% on mitigation, and 50% on adaptation
(with half of the adaptation funding going to the most vulnerable).
The Fund aims to start programming its work in 2015.[181]
Justine Greening told us:
One are doing increasingly is a focus on research,
understanding what works, and then tailoring that into the programmes
that we are bringing forward going forward and also tailoring
that research into helping to shape the international programme
and the Green Climate Fund as it gets set up so that it can be
successful.[182]
The Government is considering using the Green Investment
Bank (GIB) to deliver international climate fund projects. Amber
Rudd told us
We would very much like the Green Investment
Bank to have an international role. It has been, we think, a great
success in the UK, leading on identifying sound investments within
the green sector and, critically, mobilising other sources of
finance for investment as well. We are looking into ways of developing
that. I am speaking to the Green Investment Bank about the best
way to go forward, but I share what I think is your positive view
on it, that it would be a good thing to do.[183]
64. We have looked at the Green Investment Bank in
three previous reports; Green Investment Bank,[184]
Green Economy,[185]
and Green Finance. We concluded in 2013 that the
Bank "has made a good start".[186]
However, we have not yet attempted a detailed assessment of the
impact of its investments. The delivery options report on the
ICF highlights "concern, expressed by GIB stakeholders, that
a focus on international activities may distract from its core
UK mandate and dilute the identity of GIB as a commercially-minded
'for profit' investor."[187]
More significantly, the GIB's current Articles of Association,
"require it to focus on activities which make a contribution
to the UK", although this could be changed by Parliament.[188]
65. The UK has committed significant amounts of
funding to the International Climate Fund and now also the Green
Climate Fund. Whilst we are pleased that the Government is prioritising
these, it is vital that the funds are spent effectively and have
as large an impact as possible. Currently, there is poor public
transparency of how these are being used. We welcome the Independent
Commission for Aid Impact's report on the ICF, but note this was
originally due in 2013. The Government should report clear
annual results summaries for the International Climate Fund, which
detail the impacts that the programmes have had. It should particularly
ensure that expenditure on forestry programmes has clear impact
indicators.
FUNDING FOR BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION
OVERSEAS
66. In biodiversity terms, the UK Overseas Territories
are critically important. As we highlighted in our January 2014
report on Sustainability in the UK Overseas Territories,[189]
the UK is ultimately responsible for vast tracts of ocean, thousands
of coral atolls, tropical forests and a polar wilderness six times
the size of the United Kingdom, which comprise 90% of the biodiversity
which the UK is responsible for and at least 517 globally threatened
species.[190] Our report
on Marine Protected Areas in June 2014 called again for
Marine Protected Areas around Pitcairn Islands, Tristan da Cunha
and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.[191]
We are discussing this and other Overseas Territories biodiversity
issues with the Government.
67. Defra is responsible for the UK's Darwin initiative,
specifically supporting environmental goals in developing countries.
For the latest round (Round 21) of funding, 90% of projects will
be funded by DFID (and thereby required to have a poverty-reduction
objective) and 10% by Defra.[192]
Defra told us that departments provide up to £6m a year for
Darwin projects in developing countries, plus another £2m
for projects in the UK Overseas Territories ('Darwin+').[193]
Justine Greening told us
We do not have the budget to be able to necessarily
do a broader programme on biodiversity, but what we can do is
make sure that in those countries that do not have the wherewithal
themselves because of poverty to be able to tackle biodiversity,
we can help them do that through funds like the Darwin Fund.[194]
68. The UK is not sufficiently prioritising funding
for the establishment of marine protected areas in the UK Overseas
Territories. It is vital that these unique ecosystems are protected
before it is too late. There is a lack of timely and transparent
information to explain how biodiversity-related funds are spent
overseas. The Government should publish an annual report outlining
its spending on biodiversity- related projects overseas, and the
impact these have had. It should prioritise funding to support
the establishment of Marine Protected Areas in the UK overseas
territories, such as Pitcairn, and explore with the World Bank
and others the most appropriate ways of sustainably financing
and managing these.
Agreeing national targets for
the Sustainable Development Goals
69. The UK's obligations under the new SDGs will
not be limited to its international aid programmes. SDGs will
be 'universal', so will apply to the UK and other developed countries,
as much as to developing countries. The European Commission concluded
in June 2014 that the SDGs:
should be global in aspiration and coverage and
universally applicable to all countries, while being based on
national ownership and taking into account different national
contexts, capacities and levels of development. It should be rights-based
and people-centred. It should recognize and address the mutually
reinforcing nature of poverty eradication and sustainable development.
It should integrate the three dimensions of sustainable development
(social, environmental and economic) in a balanced way.[195]
Stakeholder Forum welcomed the approach of "setting
a limited number of broad universally applicable goals in general
terms and then supplementing these with more specific quantifiable
targets that can be calibrated appropriately for different countries
according to local circumstances and current state of development
is a good way of combining universality and difference".[196]
70. Andrew Scott of ODI warned, however, that "the
goals and their universal application, and their relevance to
the domestic agenda, has not been explored very much in any OECD
country".[197]
Helen Dennis of Christian Aid told us that "there are now
moves to try to articulate universality in the context of the
EU common position".[198]
Dan Rogerson told us that domestic application of the Sustainable
Development Goals in the UK is led by Defra, "although that
is at an earlier stage because that is where we are in the process."[199]
The Government's approach, however, in discussions at the European
level, was that "a target based approach [was] not always
the most helpful way of doing things".[200]
He told us "there are issues around measurability and complexity
in what is currently proposed. That is an area that we would want
to make progress on, so that … we have goals that are simple
and achieve what we want in terms of sustainability, and that
we are able to implement."[201]
The Office for National Statistics are examining how progress
might be measured.[202]
71. The Secretary General's recent synthesis report
stated:
What is needed now is a technical review to ensure
that each [Goal] is framed in language that is specific, measurable,
achievable, and consistent with existing United Nations standards
and agreements, while preserving the important political balance
that they represent. To these ends, the technical experts of the
United Nations System are available to review the targets, including
on the means of implementation, and to compare and align the level
of ambition represented by each to that of existing international
targets, commitments, standards, and agreements thus strengthening
the overall framework of the goals.[203]
A set of applicable indicators will also need
to be identified to allow us to collect, compare, and analyse
reliable data, to do so at the adequate level of disaggregation,
as of 2016.[204]
However, Thomas Lingard of Unilever told us:
we cannot afford to agree a set of lofty ambitious
goals in September next year and then spend five years working
out how we are going to implement … Linking the how and the
what is going to be an important part of turning this from just
a set of goals into something that impacts on the ground.[205]
ACCOUNTABILITY
72. The Government believed that the accountability
mechanism needs to:
(a) Support the effective and coordinated implementation
of the Post-2015 goals and targets;
(b) Be responsive to change, signal when progress
is off-track, and provide a setter for the rest of the post-2015
architecture for rapid response when this does happen;
(c) Be low on cost, avoid duplication with other
processes, and operate in a transparent and participatory fashion,
supporting the citizen-state relationship;
(d) Be constructive and positive, with lessons
learned an integral part of the framework and share best practice;
(e) Build on national and regional, as well as
international, post-2015 monitoring measures;
(f) Take into consideration the accountability
and monitoring of non-government actors; and
(g) Have data generation, collection, analysis,
and dissemination at its heart.[206]
The Secretary General's report stated:
All have asked for a rigorous and participatory
review and monitoring framework to hold governments, businesses,
and international organizations accountable to the people for
results, and to ensure that no harm is done to the planet. And
they have called for a data revolution to make information and
data more available, more accessible, and more broadly disaggregated,
as well as for measurable goals and targets, and a participatory
mechanism to review implementation at the national, regional,
and global levels.[207]
73. Helen Dennis of Christian Aid told us "some
of the mechanisms such as peer review, some of the accountability
frameworks that are present in other processes could be learnt
from".[208] The
Secretary General's synthesis report highlights five types of
accountability:
i) A country-led, national component for accountability.
In the overall review process, this national segment, as that
closest to the people, should be the most significant.
ii) A regional component for peer reviewing,
tailored to regional and sub-regional needs.
iii) A global component for knowledge sharing
to chart global progress at regular intervals on the sustainable
development framework, to help to identify challenges and bottlenecks,
and to mobilize action to address them.
iv) A thematic component to chart global progress
at regular intervals on the sustainable development framework.
v) A component to review the global partnership
for sustainable development.[209]
74. The ONS told us:
Although the goals are not yet agreed, we are
already looking at how the UK might report and monitor the SDGs
from 2016. We are considering a framework for dissemination and
reporting a set of headline indicators supplemented by additional
indicators. This will, at a minimum, meet our international obligations.
When the final UN sustainable development goals are decided in
September 2015, we will look at alignment to [UK Sustainable Development
Indicators] and make any refinements at that stage.[210]
Christian Aid suggested that "a cross-Whitehall
plan to implement the SDGs should be published. Regular Parliamentary
scrutiny of the UK's contribution to the SDGs should take place."[211]
The Government told us
Accountability and monitoring structures will
be agreed alongside the goals and targets in September next year.
Those structures are yet to be negotiated but it is expected that
all countries report against progress in delivering the post-2015
goals and targets. We would also anticipate assessing DFID's policies
and programmes against delivery of the post-2015 goals and targets.[212]
This framework will be relevant to all of our
partners, such as the development banks, the UN system and other
international financial institutions. Once the goals are agreed,
we anticipate working with international and multilateral partners
to discuss how their programmes will respond to the post-2015
agenda.[213]
75. Agreeing the right indicators for the Sustainable
Development Goals is a vital step in ensuring that they have traction.
The universal nature of the goals means that there will need to
be a combination of international and national goals, and the
UK has an important role in agreeing these. It is important that
the UK is accountable for its progress in delivering the Sustainable
Development Goals. It has not yet done sufficient work to consider
the implications for UK policy. We will continue to monitor and
review the Government's progress in agreeing the goals, and there
is a clear role for our successor Committee to audit implementation
and performance against the goals in future. The ONS and Defra
(as the lead department for domestic sustainable development)
need ensure that the appropriate data and systems are in place
to monitor and report on the UK's delivery of SDG targets. It
should review the UK's Sustainable Development Indicators and
ensure that these reflect the key nationally-relevant SDG indicators,
including on sustainable consumption and production.
Engaging citizens
76. In its response to our June 2013 Outcomes
of the Rio+20 Summit report, the Government highlighted DFID
funding for "two complementary citizen engagement initiatives—the
MY World survey and Participate research programme—as
part of the post-2015 process".[214]
In response to our questions in our current inquiry about awareness
raising projects, such as the Hard Rain project, DFID told
us:
Whilst we recognise the value of development
education, in particular the formal education sector, it was agreed
that the Department's funding would be redirected to areas that
demonstrated the greatest impact on our overall objective for
global poverty reduction.[215]
77. DFID's International Citizen's Service aims to
bring together 18-25 year olds from all backgrounds to fight poverty
in overseas and UK communities. DFID funds 90% of the programme—£7,600
per person on average—with the other 10% funded by volunteer
fundraising (usually a minimum of £800).[216]
The programme currently has projects in 24 of the world's poorest
countries. A recent evaluation of the programme concluded that
it was "delivering effectively and achieving high levels
of satisfaction from volunteers and partners" and an "initial
assessment of value for money does not raise any concerns",[217]
although "London and the South East are over-represented
at the expense of other regions and the nations (notably Scotland
and Wales)".[218]
The Government told us:
The International Citizen Service (ICS) is not
primarily an awareness raising programme. By supporting the UK's
young people to work alongside local counterparts in some of the
world's poorest communities we seek to deliver real poverty reduction
outcomes on the ground, as well as the personal and social development
of volunteers in the UK and overseas. By facilitating these changes
we aim to develop a global network of active citizens who are
committed to social change in their own communities and beyond.[219]
EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
78. The Rio+20 conclusions document included a clear
commitment in 2012 to build sustainable development into education:
We recognise that the younger generations are
the custodians of the future, as well as the need for better quality
and access to education beyond the primary level. We therefore
resolve to improve the capacity of our education systems to prepare
people to pursue sustainable development, including through enhanced
teacher training, the development of curricula around sustainability,
the development of training programmes that prepare students for
careers in fields related to sustainability, and more effective
use of information and communication technologies to enhance learning
outcomes. We call for enhanced cooperation among schools, communities
and authorities in efforts to promote access to quality education
at all levels.[220]
The National Union of Students [NUS] told us that
they were looking to introduce a new accreditation scheme for
sustainability for colleges and universities, and get a question
on sustainability in the National Student Survey.[221]
Jamie Agombar of the NUS stated that the Government had not made
a contribution to the UNESCO Conference on Education for Sustainable
Development or Decade for Education on Sustainable Development.
He told us:
It was quite surprising and disappointing there
was not a UK delegation there [the UNESCO Conference on Education
for Sustainable Development]. We [the UK] used to be leaders on
this field maybe 20 years ago around education for sustainable
development I think we are now laggards, having seen what other
Governments like Japan and Germany are doing, how they are embedding
it into the core purpose of that education.[222]
Dan Rogerson told us "it was a diary issue that
prevented the Secretary of State for Education attending the conference.
… It is a very important topic, and there are other ways
we are taking it forward."[223]
He explained further that:
DfE is supportive of opportunities being made
available to schools in England to incorporate education for sustainable
development (ESD) into their teaching, should they choose, but
believes that schools themselves are best placed to make decisions
about this.
The outcomes of the UNESCO conference on ESD
will help inform thinking on how best to ensure that the attainment
of education outcomes are reflected within the final set of goals.[224]
COMMUNICATING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
79. Thomas Lingard of Unilever told us that behaviour
change often involves engaging people with universal themes:
The reality is you cannot go in and start a conversation
by talking about climate change or about poverty in many places,
but you can go in and start to talk about people's children, about
the future. It sounds a little bit twee sometimes, but this is
a universal theme that people can engage on, "What kind of
world do you want to build? What kind of world do you want to
live in? What kind of world do you want to leave for your children
and what opportunities do you want your children to have?"
It works obviously better with parents, but there is still something
universal and there are a lot of parents. We know that children
can be big drivers of behavioural change within homes, exactly
to the point about if you can get them young and the kids come
home from school or university and say, "Mummy, why are you
not recycling this?" that can be a hugely powerful driver,
often underestimated.[225]
People are busy and stressed and short of money
and if we can appeal to things that are top of their mind rather
than long term what appear to be distant issues of climate change,
you can get engagement with people. If you make it fun and interesting
and engaging, again you can get more engagement.[226]
"The Fairtrade market is 20 years-old",
Michael Gidney told us, "and we have seen a change in attitudes
over that time that will mean that people are more aware of impacts
across the supply chain and more aware of the interconnectedness
of things and their role as responsible consumers."[227]
He added:
One of the most exciting areas of Fairtrade is
we have local groups, volunteer groups, who get together on wet
and windy Saturday afternoons and give out leaflets in the high
street. There are 9,000 groups around the country, and within
that the most exciting bit is one third of the schools in Britain
are voluntarily working towards Fairtrade status, which means
you are using Fairtrade as a way into understanding the wider
interconnectedness of development and social things in schools,
so it might be within a citizenship or geography or PSHE classes
or whatever. There is an incredible opportunity to work with that
group to think about what it means to be a responsible consumer,
what does sustainable growth look like. Some of the rather challenging
language in the SDGs could be worked through in that kind of way.[228]
80. Dan Rogerson told us that Defra was working with
the Sustainable Schools Alliance "to provide a clearer offer
of support to all schools in the country about how they can look
at this, both in the way that they structure what they do, but
also in terms of how they approach education and discussions with
young people ... Young people naturally want to hear more about
it and are challenging us—just as much as you are today—on
how we are going to take this forward."[229]
Amber Rudd believed that with the negotiations on the SDGs and
climate change in 2015, "There will more and more on the
news and being communicated internationally … This will continue
to be a major issue for people, which will help politicians to
deliver the right answer and a permanent target by the end of
next year."[230]
81. We asked Justine Greening what work the Government
had been doing to promote awareness raising projects, such as
the Hard Rain project. DFID told us:
Whilst we recognise the value of development
education, in particular the formal education sector, it was agreed
that the Department's funding would be redirected to areas that
demonstrated the greatest impact on our overall objective for
global poverty reduction. The Hard Rain project, as a development
awareness project, was therefore not considered for funding at
this time.[231]
82. Education for sustainable development is crucial
to help people understand the impact their actions have on the
planet. The Government has shown few signs of promoting this,
as illustrated by the lack of ministerial priority given to global
conference on education for sustainable development. This is despite
a strong appetite from business and voluntary organisations for
engaging with such universal themes at both a global and local
level. The Government has invested in young people through the
International Citizens Service, although that programme has been
more successful in engaging young people from London and the South-East
than other parts of the UK. It is important that the Government
empowers citizens to embrace this in order to achieve sustainable
economic growth which values people and the planet.
83. Given the global significance of the Sustainable
Development Goals and their powerful vision for the next 15 years,
the Government should do more to engage young people in the UK
with the new goals, and with the concepts of sustainable development.
This should include taking Education for Sustainable Development
seriously, and integrating it into the National Curriculum, and
supporting the NUS' proposals for a new accreditation scheme and
questions in the National Students Survey. It should look to maximise
the value of the International Citizens Service, by integrating
the proposed Sustainable Development Goals into the material that
young people use to prepare for their period of ICS service, and
supporting them in sharing these messages about sustainable development
more widely in their communities. The Government should also review
the channels it uses to promote the ICS to ensure it has as wide
a geographic reach across the UK and across all parts of society
as possible. It should embrace creative and powerful ways of communicating
the urgency of sustainable development, such as the approach taken
by the Hard Rain project, and its proposal to promote the SDGs
simultaneously in universities around the world. It needs to engage
all stakeholders, including businesses, schools and higher and
further education colleges, and NGOs to raise awareness in the
run up to the UN General Assembly and Paris Climate Change conference
at the end of 2015, and beyond.
165 DFID (SDG 0011) paras 29, 30 Back
166
DFID (SDG 0011) para 26 Back
167
Independent Commission for Aid Impact ToR of audit of The UK's International Climate Fund Back
168
Q97 Back
169
Q40 Back
170
DFID (SDG 0011) para 24 Back
171
Q41 Back
172
Environmental Audit Committee, Fifth report of session 2010-12,
The impact of UK overseas aid on environmental protection and climate change adaptation and mitigation
HC 710 para 63 Back
173
DFID Annual report and Accounts 2013-14 HC11 p40 Back
174
DFID's website Monitoring and evaluation of ICF programmes stated
"We expect the Independent Commission on Aid Impact (ICAI)
will independently evaluate impact and value for money in the
ICF in 2013" Accessed 9 December 2014 Back
175
Vivid Economics Delivery Options for the International Climate Fund
(June 2014), p59 Back
176
Vivid Economics Delivery Options for the International Climate Fund
(June 2014), p61 Back
177
Q176 Back
178
Q178 Back
179
Defra (SDG0037) Back
180
Q182 Back
181
DECC Press Release: UK pledges to help hardest hit by climate change
(November 2014) Accessed 9 December 2014 Back
182
Q40 Back
183
Q179 Back
184
Environmental Audit Committee, Second report of session 2010-11
Green Investment Bank HC505 Back
185
Environmental Audit Committee, Twelfth report of session 2010-12
Green Economy HC1025 Back
186
Environmental Audit Committee, Twelfth report of session 2013-14
Green Finance HC 191 p3 Back
187
Vivid Economics Delivery Options for the International Climate Fund
(June 2014), p7 Back
188
Vivid Economics Delivery Options for the International Climate Fund
(June 2014), p7 Back
189
Environmental Audit Committee, Tenth report of session 2013-14
Sustainability in the UK Overseas Territories HC332 Back
190
DFID (SDG 0011) Back
191
Environmental Audit Committee First report of session 2014-15
Marine Protected Areas HC221 para 6 Back
192
Darwin Initiative Guidance for Round 21 funding, November 2014 Back
193
Defra (SDG0037) Back
194
Q47 Back
195
European Commission A decent Life for all: from vision to collective action
COM(2014) 335 (June 2014) Back
196
Stakeholder Forum (SDG0021) Back
197
Q91 Back
198
Q102 Back
199
Q146 Back
200
Q156 Back
201
Q191 Back
202
Q84 and UK Statistics Authority (SDG0034) Back
203
United Nations The Road to Dignity by 2030: Ending Poverty, Transforming All Lives and Protecting the Planet Synthesis Report of the Secretary-General On the Post-2015 Agenda - advanced unedited version
(December 2014) para 137 Back
204
United Nations The Road to Dignity by 2030: Ending Poverty, Transforming All Lives and Protecting the Planet Synthesis Report of the Secretary-General On the Post-2015 Agenda - advanced unedited version
(December 2014) para 139 Back
205
Q114 Back
206
DFID (SDG 0011) para 39 Back
207
United Nations The Road to Dignity by 2030: Ending Poverty, Transforming All Lives and Protecting the Planet Synthesis Report of the Secretary-General On the Post-2015 Agenda - advanced unedited version
(December 2014)para 56 Back
208
Q102 Back
209
United Nations The Road to Dignity by 2030: Ending Poverty, Transforming All Lives and Protecting the Planet Synthesis Report of the Secretary-General On the Post-2015 Agenda - advanced unedited version
(December 2014 para 170 Back
210
UK Statistics Authority (SDG0034) Back
211
Christian Aid (SDG0009) para 3.4 Back
212
DFID (SDG 0011) para 31 Back
213
DFID (SDG 0011) para 32 Back
214
Environmental Audit Committee Fourth Special Report of Session
2013-14 Embedding sustainable development and the outcomes of the UN Rio+20 Earth Summit: Government responses to the Committee's First and Second Reports of Session 2013-14
HC633 para 33 Back
215
DFID (SDG0029) Back
216
ICS website: Costs and Funding Accessed 9 December 2014 Back
217
Ecorys Evaluation of the International Citizen Service Phase 1 Report
(December 2013) p3 Back
218
Ecorys Evaluation of the International Citizen Service Phase 1 Report
(December 2013) p29 Back
219
Defra (SDG0037) Back
220
United Nations Rio + 20 Outcome Document: Future we want para
230 Back
221
Q129 Back
222
Q120 Back
223
Q200 Back
224
Defra (SDG0037) Back
225
Q124 Back
226
Q122 Back
227
Q121 Back
228
Q121 Back
229
Q196 Back
230
Q199 Back
231
DFID (SDG0029) Back
|
