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PART II |
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SURVEILLANCE AND COVERT HUMAN INTELLIGENCE SOURCES |
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Introductory |
| Conduct to which Part II applies. |
25. - (1) This Part applies to the following conduct-
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(a) directed surveillance; |
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(b) intrusive surveillance; and |
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(c) the conduct and use of covert human intelligence sources. |
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(2) For the purposes of this Part surveillance is directed if it is covert but not intrusive and is undertaken-
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(a) for the purposes of a specific investigation or a specific operation; |
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(b) in such a manner as is likely to result in the obtaining of private information about a person (whether or not one specifically identified for the purposes of the investigation or operation); and |
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(c) otherwise than by way of an immediate response to events or circumstances the nature of which is such that it would not be reasonably practicable for an authorisation under this Part to be sought for the carrying out of the surveillance. |
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(3) Subject to subsections (4) and (5), surveillance is intrusive for the purposes of this Part if, and only if, it is covert surveillance that either-
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(a) involves the presence of an individual, or of any surveillance device, on any residential premises or in any private vehicle; or |
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(b) is carried out in relation to anything taking place on residential premises or in a private vehicle by means of any surveillance device that is not present on the premises or in the vehicle. |
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(4) For the purposes of this Part surveillance is not intrusive to the extent that-
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(a) it is carried out by means only of a surveillance device designed or adapted principally for the purpose of providing information about the location of a vehicle; or |
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(b) it is surveillance consisting in any such interception of a communication as falls within section 45(4). |
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(5) For the purposes of this Part surveillance which-
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(a) is carried out by means of a surveillance device in relation to anything taking place on any residential premises or in any private vehicle, but |
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(b) is carried out without that device being present on the premises or in the vehicle, |
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is not intrusive unless the device is such that it consistently provides information of the same quality and detail as might be expected to be obtained from a device actually present on the premises or in the vehicle.
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(6) In this Part-
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(a) references to the conduct of a covert human intelligence source are references to any conduct of such a source which falls within any of paragraphs (a) to (c) of subsection (7), or is incidental to anything falling within any of those paragraphs; and |
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(b) references to the use of a covert human intelligence source are references to inducing, asking or assisting a person to engage in the conduct of such a source, or to obtain information by means of the conduct of such a source. |
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(7) For the purposes of this Part a person is a covert human intelligence source if-
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(a) he establishes or maintains a personal or other relationship with a person for the covert purpose of facilitating the doing of anything falling within paragraph (b) or (c); |
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(b) he covertly uses such a relationship to obtain information or to provide access to any information to another person; or |
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(c) he covertly discloses information obtained by the use of such a relationship, or as a consequence of the existence of such a relationship. |
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(8) For the purposes of this section-
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(a) surveillance is covert if, and only if, it is carried out in a manner that is calculated to ensure that persons who are subject to the surveillance are unaware that it is or may be taking place; |
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(b) a purpose is covert, in relation to the establishment or maintenance of a personal or other relationship, if and only if the relationship is conducted in a manner that is calculated to ensure that one of the parties to the relationship is unaware of the purpose; and |
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(c) a relationship is used covertly, and information obtained as mentioned in subsection (7)(c) is disclosed covertly, if and only if it is used or, as the case may be, disclosed in a manner that is calculated to ensure that one of the parties to the relationship is unaware of the use or disclosure in question. |
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(9) In this section "private information", in relation to a person, includes any information relating to his private or family life.
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(10) References in this section, in relation to a vehicle, to the presence of a surveillance device in the vehicle include references to its being located on or under the vehicle and also include references to its being attached to it.
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Authorisation of surveillance and human intelligence sources |
| Lawful surveillance etc. |
26. - (1) Conduct to which this Part applies shall be lawful for all purposes if-
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(a) an authorisation under this Part confers an entitlement to engage in that conduct on the person whose conduct it is; and |
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(b) his conduct is in accordance with the authorisation. |
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(2) A person shall not be subject to any civil liability in respect of any conduct of his which-
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(a) is incidental to any conduct that is lawful by virtue of subsection (1); and |
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(b) is not itself conduct an authorisation or warrant for which is capable of being granted under a relevant enactment and might reasonably have been expected to have been sought in the case in question. |
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(3) The conduct that may be authorised under this Part includes conduct outside the United Kingdom.
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(4) In this section "relevant enactment" means-
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(a) an enactment contained in this Act; |
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(b) section 5 of the Intelligence Services Act 1994 (warrants for the intelligence services); or |
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(c) an enactment contained in Part III of the Police Act 1997 (powers of the police and of customs officers). |
| Authorisation of directed surveillance. |
27. - (1) Subject to the following provisions of this Part, the persons designated for the purposes of this section shall each have power to grant authorisations for the carrying out of directed surveillance.
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(2) A person shall not grant an authorisation for the carrying out of directed surveillance unless he believes-
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(a) that the authorisation is necessary on grounds falling within subsection (3); and |
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(b) that the authorised surveillance is proportionate to what is sought to be achieved by carrying it out. |
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(3) An authorisation is necessary on grounds falling within this subsection if it is necessary-
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(a) in the interests of national security; |
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(b) for the purpose of preventing or detecting crime or of preventing disorder; |
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(c) in the interests of the economic well-being of the United Kingdom; |
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(d) in the interests of public safety; |
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(e) for the purpose of protecting public health; |
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(f) for the purpose of assessing or collecting any tax, duty, levy or other imposition, contribution or charge payable to a government department; or |
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(g) for any purpose (not falling within paragraphs (a) to (f)) which is specified for the purposes of this subsection by an order made by the Secretary of State. |
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(4) The conduct that is authorised by an authorisation for the carrying out of directed surveillance is any conduct that-
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(a) consists in the carrying out of directed surveillance of any such description as is specified in the authorisation; and |
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(b) is carried out in the circumstances described in the authorisation and for the purposes of the investigation or operation specified or described in the authorisation. |
| Authorisation of covert human intelligence sources. |
28. - (1) Subject to the following provisions of this Part, the persons designated for the purposes of this section shall each have power to grant authorisations for the conduct or the use of a covert human intelligence source.
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(2) A person shall not grant an authorisation for the conduct or the use of a covert human intelligence source unless he believes-
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(a) that the authorisation is necessary on grounds falling within subsection (3); |
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(b) that the authorised conduct or use is proportionate to what is sought to be achieved by that conduct or use; and |
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(c) that arrangements exist for the source's case that satisfy the requirements of subsection (5) and such other requirements as may be imposed by order made by the Secretary of State. |
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(3) An authorisation is necessary on grounds falling within this subsection if it is necessary-
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(a) in the interests of national security; |
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(b) for the purpose of preventing or detecting crime or of preventing disorder; |
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(c) in the interests of the economic well-being of the United Kingdom; |
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(d) in the interests of public safety; |
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(e) for the purpose of protecting public health; |
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(f) for the purpose of assessing or collecting any tax, duty, levy or other imposition, contribution or charge payable to a government department; or |
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(g) for any purpose (not falling within paragraphs (a) to (f)) which is specified for the purposes of this subsection by an order made by the Secretary of State. |
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(4) The conduct that is authorised by an authorisation for the conduct or the use of a covert human intelligence source is any conduct that-
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(a) is comprised in any such activities involving conduct of a covert human intelligence source, or the use of a covert human intelligence source, as are specified or described in the authorisation; |
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(b) consists in conduct by or in relation to the person who is so specified or described as the person to whose actions as a covert human intelligence source the authorisation relates; and |
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(c) is carried out for the purposes of, or in connection with, the investigation or operation so specified or described. |
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(5) For the purposes of this Part there are arrangements for the source's case that satisfy the requirements of this subsection if such arrangements are in force as are necessary for ensuring-
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(a) that there will at all times be a person holding an office, rank or position with the relevant investigating authority who will have day-to-day responsibility for dealing with the source on behalf of that authority, and for the source's security and welfare; |
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(b) that there will at all times be another person holding an office, rank or position with the relevant investigating authority who will have general oversight of the use made of the source; |
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(c) that there will at all times be a person holding an office, rank or position with the relevant investigating authority who will have responsibility for maintaining a record of the use made of the source; |
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(d) that the records relating to the source that are maintained by the relevant investigating authority will always contain particulars of all such matters (if any) as may be specified for the purposes of this paragraph in regulations made by the Secretary of State; and |
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(e) that records maintained by the relevant investigating authority that disclose the identity of the source will not be available to persons except to the extent that there is a need for access to them to be made available to those persons. |
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(6) The Secretary of State may by order-
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(a) prohibit the authorisation under this section of any such conduct or uses of covert human intelligence sources as may be described in the order; and |
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(b) impose requirements, in addition to those provided for by subsection (2), that must be satisfied before an authorisation is granted under this section for any such conduct or uses of covert human intelligence sources as may be so described. |
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(7) In this section "relevant investigating authority", in relation to an authorisation for the conduct or the use of an individual as a covert human intelligence source, means (subject to subsection (8)) the public authority for whose benefit the activities of that individual as such a source are to take place.
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(8) In the case of any authorisation for the conduct or the use of a covert human intelligence source whose activities are to be for the benefit of more than one public authority, the references in subsection (5) to the relevant investigating authority are references to one of them (whether or not the same one in the case of each reference).
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