APPENDIX 4: TRENDS IN DELIVERED ENERGY
CONSUMPTION AND ASSOCIATED LIFE CYCLE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS[116]
Introduction
Statistics for UK domestic energy consumption, broken
down by end-use, are published annually by the DTI [1]. Figures
for the period 1990-2002, in thousands of tonnes of oil equivalent
(ktoe), are shown in Table 1. Corresponding figures in PJ (petajoules:
1 PJ = 1015 Joules) are shown in Table 2, based in
the conversion 1 ktoe = 42.0 TJ (Terajoules; 1TJ = 1012
Joules) [2]. A graph of the Table 2 figures is shown in Annex
1, Graph A.
The DTI also supplies a breakdown of these figures
by fuel: solid fuel, gas, electricity and oil (see Annex 2). This
means that if life cycle carbon dioxide emission values can be
obtained for the UK for these types of fuel, it will be possible
to derive accurate life cycle carbon dioxide values corresponding
to the DTI statistics of Tables 1 and 2. The carbon dioxide value
for electricity will need to be based on the current UK energy
generating mix, and the solid fuel, gas and fuel oil figures will
need to be based on current patterns of extraction, refining and
supply. This is the goal of the calculations outlined in this
document.
Calculation of life cycle carbon dioxide values for
each fuel
Life cycle primary energy equivalents and carbon
dioxide emissions associated with delivered energy have recently
been studied [3]. The data in that source were taken from a detailed
study carried out at ETH (Zürich) on the life cycle inventories
of European energy systems [4]. This study, which is very widely
used, produced detailed life cycle inventories of energy systems
supplying Switzerland and those European countries connected through
the European electricity grid (UCPTE—although the UK is
technically connected to the UCPTE through the DC link with France
it does not play a part in its operation). Because the ETH study
does not specifically examine UK energy systems, the results are
not precisely representative of the UK. However some of the results
in [3] can be applied to the UK: for example, energy derived from
oil from the North Sea. Therefore this source has sometimes been
used here for data on primary energy equivalences and carbon dioxide
emissions associated with delivered energy. In other cases, where
differences exist, these have been highlighted and the reason
for the use of different figures has been explained.
Life cycle carbon dioxide emissions from heating
oil and natural gas
The heating oil studied in [3] is a low sulphur fuel
based on the European average extraction and supply system. The
oil is supplied to domestic users to fuel a 100 kW boiler to provide
1GJ of heat. The supply value for CO2 emitted is 0.0135
g/MJ and the use value is 0.084 kg/MJ. In the UK in domestic homes,
kerosene is generally used for heating. This has a lower carbon
content of 0.24 kgCO2 per kWh or 0.0667 kgCO2
per MJ [5]. Further, in general in the UK the distances in distribution
of heating oil from point of extraction to the refinery, and in
distribution from the refinery to the consumer will be less than
in the European data. However, the greenhouse gas emissions in
this life cycle are mainly
Total UK domestic energy consumption by
end use (DTI, 2004) (ktoe)
| | 1990
| 1991 | 1992
| 1993 |
1994 | 1995
| 1996 |
1997 | 1998
| 1999 |
2000 | 2001
| 2002 |
| Space heating | | 23563
| 27287 | 26515
| 27686 |
26089 | 24769
| 30063 |
26559 | 27966
| 27786 |
28423 | 29921
| 28884 |
| Hot water | | 10042
| 10185 | 10287
| 10562 |
10514 | 10540
| 10638 |
10762 | 10646
| 10727 |
10786 | 10906
| 11119 |
| Lights & Appliances | |
5438 | 5610
| 5586 |
5653 | 5719
| 5776 |
5830 | 5891
| 5955 |
6016 | 6079
| 6136 |
6209 |
| Cooking | | 1507
| 1478 | 1435
| 1407 |
1384 | 1364
| 1350 |
1339 | 1328
| 1319 |
1310 | 1303
| 1296 |
| Total | | 40550
| 44559 | 43823
| 45308 |
43705 | 42449
| 47880 |
44551 | 45895
| 45847 |
46597 | 48265
| 47508 |
Total UK domestic energy consumption by end use (DTI,
2004) (PJ)
| | 1990
| 1991 |
1992 | 1993
| 1994 |
1995 | 1996
| 1997 |
1998 | 1999
| 2000 |
2001 | 2002
|
| Space heating | | 989.6
| 1146.1
| 1113.6
| 1162.8
| 1095.7
| 1040.3
| 1262.6
| 1115.5
| 1174.6
| 1167.0
| 1193.8
| 1256.7
| 1213.1 |
| Hot water | | 421.8
| 427.8 |
432.1 | 443.6
| 441.6 |
442.7 | 446.8
| 452.0 |
447.1 | 450.5
| 453.0 |
458.0 | 467.0
|
| Lights & Appliances | |
228.4 | 235.6
| 234.6 |
237.4 | 240.2
| 242.6 |
244.8 | 247.4
| 250.1 |
252.7 | 255.3
| 257.7 |
260.8 |
| Cooking | | 63.3
| 62.1 |
60.3 | 59.1
| 58.1 |
57.3 | 56.7
| 56.2 |
55.8 | 55.4
| 55.0 |
54.7 | 54.4
|
| Total | | 1703.1
| 1871.5
| 1840.6
| 1902.9
| 1835.6
| 1782.9
| 2011.0
| 1871.1
| 1927.6
| 1925.6
| 1957.1
| 2027.1
| 1995.3 |
concentrated in the conversion of the fuel into heat, so the effects
of these differences are likely to be minor.
Higher CO2 emissions from heating oil arise principally
from energy use in the refinery and also from gas flaring during
extraction. Therefore, the use figure in this paper has been modestly
adjusted downwards to 0.01 kgCO2/MJ, giving a figure
for the total CO2 emissions of 0.077 kg/MJ delivered.
With respect to natural gas, figures have been used in this paper
which are likely to be similar and representative of North Sea
fuel. The enthalpy of burning methane to gaseous carbon dioxide
and water vapour is 802.3 MJ/kmol; therefore the net calorific
value is 802300/16 MJ/kg = 50.144 MJ/kg; similarly the gross calorific
value is 55.644 MJ/kg (since the higher enthalpy value is 890.3
MJ/kmol). Hence per MJ of heat released, the kg of CO2
released are respectively for net, 0.054842 and gross, 0.049421.
Compare this with another source with the values 0.05374 kgCO2/MJ
for net and 0.05254 kgCO2/MJ for gross [6]. For gas,
emissions from the supply chain are much smaller than for oil.
Therefore a representative median figure has been taken of 0.053
kgCO2/MJ gross.
The supply used (i.e. total) CO2 emitted for heating
oil is 0.077 kg/MJ [5]
The supply and use value for natural gas life cycle is 0.0530
kg/MJ [6]
Life cycle carbon dioxide impacts from solid fuel heating
The system for calculating life cycle coal emissions in [3] was
derived from data on the French hard coal-fired electricity generation
system, because of its similarity to the UK system, and then adjusting
for the average prevailing total efficiency of European coal-fired
electricity stations of 28.5 percent. The DTI provide a figure
for the gross calorific value of house coal of 31.0 GJ/tonne [7],
while kgCO2 emitted per tonne of coal burned is 2,419
[8]. Thus the use figure for domestic solid fuel heating is 0.078
kg/MJ. To this must be added a modest total of 0.01 kg/MJ emitted
from production and supply, to yield total CO2 emitted,
covering both supply and use of 0.088 kg/MJ [7,8]. When adjusted
by the 28.5 percent European efficiency figure this yields
a total figure for European electricity from coal of 0.309 kg/MJ,
which checks with the figure in [3] of 0.315 kg/MJ.
Life cycle carbon dioxide impacts from electricity generation
General Methods of electricity provision are split into conventional
thermal, hydroelectric, nuclear and other (including imports).
Conventional thermal: The conventional thermal figures
are based on the emission figures already established, adjusted
for the efficiencies assumed to be prevailing [9] (Table 3). CCGT
plants in particular, and other natural gas plants to a lesser
extent, are known to be increasing in efficiency. The transmission
of electricity in all cases is taken to be distribution from the
power station via the high voltage electricity grid to low voltage
electricity for domestic use.
Other conventional sources: These contribute very little
to overall emissions; their supply and use figures have been taken
to be the average between CCGT and non-CCGT gas figures.
Hydroelectric power: Few figures are available. The most
reliable come from Scandinavia where hydroelectric power takes
up a very large proportion of electricity generated. Vattenfall,
the largest Swedish hydroelectric utility, have performed a detailed
life cycle assessment, suggesting 11g GWP-equivalents/kWh [10].
This equates to:
The supply and use for hydroelectric power is approximately 11g/3.6MW
= 0.0031 kg/MJ [10]
TABLE 4
Assumed variations in average efficiencies of UK electricity
generation plant (Year 2000 figures from [9])
| 1990 (est)
| 1995 (est)
| 2000
| 2003 (est)
|
| Oil | 0.25
| 0.25
| 0.25
| 0.25
|
| Natural gas (CCGT) | 0.4
| 0.43
| 0.46
| 0.49
|
| Natural gas (non CCGT)
| 0.322
| 0.332
| 0.342
| 0.352
|
| Coal for power stations | 0.36
| 0.36
| 0.36
| 0.36
|
Nuclear energy: Two types of European nuclear reactor are
common - the boiling water reactor (BWR) and the pressurised water
reactor (PWR). Of these only the PWR is used in the UK (Sizewell
B). The other types of reactor used in the UK are the advanced
gas-cooled reactor (AGR) and Magnox power plants. These are peculiar
to the UK and are not covered in [3]; therefore only electricity
generation from the PWR is considered here. It is known that carbon
dioxide emissions from nuclear power generation are very low;
the figure is so low that variations in its value have no effect
on the overall carbon dioxide intensity of the energy system,
and we assume:
The supply and use value for nuclear energy is approximately 0.0031
kg/MJ.
Other non-conventional sources, and imports: These contribute
very little to overall emissions; their supply and use figures
have been taken to the average between the CCGT and non-CCGT gas
figures.
Life cycle carbon dioxide emissions from UK electricity mix:
These can now be calculated using the data and assumptions already
made. In Table 4, the conversion efficiencies that have been assumed
for thermal stations are shown in column A. Supply and use figures
that have been assumed in this section are shown in column B.
The Digest of UK Energy Statistics gives data on the percentage
of electricity supplied by the various generating sources [11].
These are shown in columns C0 for the baseline year 1990, and
C1 and C2 for 1995 and 2003 respectively. For comparison, typical
European values are shown in column D [4]. In columns E0, E1,
and E2 are calculated the shares of carbon dioxide emissions from
each of the generating sources on the left of the table, for the
baseline year 1990, and for 1995 and 2003 respectively. These
are summed to obtain carbon dioxide intensity values in kg/MJ
for the whole generating mix.
The carbon intensity value for 1990 is presented as a range because
the data in column C0 for that year was aggregated for the fuels
coal, oil and non-CCGT gas. Even if the lowest value of this range
were taken, there would still be a far sharper fall in CO2
intensity from 1990 to 1995 (0.191kg/MJ to 0.147 kg/MJ) than from
1995 to 2003 (0.147 kg/MJ to 0.134 kg/MJ). This suggests that
the basis upon which the 1990 figures were collected may not be
properly comparable with that used for figures after 1995.
Nevertheless, the most likely value in the range is indicated
by assuming likely shares of 1990 UK supply. Here, taking 62 percent
for coal, 15 percent for oil and 1 percent for gas, the figure
of 0.199 kg/MJ has been calculated. This figure is assumed in
the remainder of this document. Further, two "paths"
of carbon intensity are postulated. Path 1 (Table 5.1 Annex1,
Graph P) shows steady downward progress from the 1990 intensity
figure to the 2003 intensity figure, and ignores the 1995 intensity
figure of 0.147 kg/MJ. Path 2 (Table 5.2; Annex 1, Graph P) assumes
steady (sharp) downward progress between the 1990 figure and the
1995 figure, and then much less severe downward progress towards
the 2003 figure. The historic trends of CO2 emissions
as implied by these paths, when matched against data from the
Climate Change Inventory [12], are likely to yield useful information
as to the historic and future course of CO2 emissions,
and to any possible errors in emissions statistics.
Calculation of overall carbon dioxide emissions from UK delivered
energy statistics and life cycle carbon dioxide values for each
fuel
Overall carbon dioxide emissions corresponding to each end-use
can now be calculated. The statistics for domestic energy consumption
in Annex 2 are combined with the carbon dioxide values of the
previous section. An example of the methodology will not be presented
for the calculation of the 1990 space heating contribution to
carbon dioxide emissions. The contribution itself comes from four
sources:
Solid fuels: calculated from 1990 space heating solid fuel value
(2,643 ktoe), converted to TJ by multiplying by 42.0 [2], then
multiplied by CO2 for coal (0.088 kg/MJ), giving 9.77
Mt of carbon dioxide;
Gas: calculated from the 1990 space heating gas value (17,845
ktoe), converted to TJ by multiplying by 42.0 [2], then multiplied
by CO2 for gas heating (0.0530 kg/MJ), giving 39.72
Mt of carbon dioxide.
Electricity: calculated from the 1990 space heating electricity
value (1057 ktoe), converted to TJ by multiplying by 42.0 [2],
then multiplied by CO2 for electricity for 1990 (0.199
kg/MJ, from Table 5.1 or 5.2 as appropriate to the path being
calculated), giving 8.83 Mt of carbon dioxide for each path; and
Oil: calculated from 1990 space hating oil value (2,018 ktoe),
converted to TJ by multiplying by 42.0 [2], then multiplied by
CO2 for heating oil (0.077 kg/MJ), giving 6.53 Mt of
carbon dioxide.
The four sources total 64.9 Mt of carbon dioxide, for both paths
in Table 6.1 and Table 6.2. Contributions have been calculated
likewise for each year, and for each path, between 1990 and 2002.
The results are shown in Tables 6.1 and 6.2 and in Graphs B1 and
B2 of Annex 1. For comparison, the figures for CO2
from the Review of the Climate Change Programme are also shown
[12].
The results have also been converted to index values in Tables
7.1 and 7.2 and these are also shown in Graphs C1 and C2.
Table 4 Calculations of UK carbon dioxide intensity
of electricity mix, for 1990, 1995 and 2003
| | A0
| A1 |
A2
| B0 |
B1 | B2
| C0 |
C1 | C2
| D |
E0 | E1
| E2 |
| Electricity source | | Assumed conversion efficiencies for thermal stations, %
| Supply and use carbon dioxide kg/MJ
| % of UK supply
| % of European supply
(for reference)
| Shares supply and use kg/GJ
|
| | 1990
| 1995
| 2003 |
1990 | 1995
| 2003 |
1990 | 1995
| 2003 |
1994 | 1990
| 1995 |
2003 |
| Hard coal | | 36.0
| 36.0
| 36.0 |
0.244 | 0.244
| 0.244 |
78 | 42
| 35 |
17.5 | 19.032-24.024
| 10.27 |
8.46 |
| Brown coal | | n/a
| n/a
| n/a |
n/a | n/a
| n/a |
| 0
| 0 |
10.5 |
| 0.00 |
0.00 |
| Oil | | 25.0
| 25.0
| 25.0 |
0.308 | 0.308
| 0.308 |
| 4
| 1 |
9.7 |
| 1.23 |
0.37 |
| Gas (non CCGT) | | 32.2
| 33.2
| 35.2 |
0.165 | 0.160
| 0.151 |
| 0.1
| 0 |
7.9 |
| 0.02 |
0.00 |
| Gas (CCGT) | | 40.0
| 43.0
| 49.0 |
0.133 | 0.123
| 0.108 |
0.1 | 21
| 38 |
0 | 0.01
| 2.59 |
4.12 |
| Other gases | | 36.1
| 38.1
| 42.1 |
0.149 | 0.141
| 0.129 |
0 | 0.9
| 0 |
1.9 | 0.00
| 0.13 |
0.12 |
| Total conventional thermal |
| | |
| | | | 78.1
| 68 |
74 | 47.5
| 19.033-24.025
| 14.23 |
13.06 |
| Hydro-power | |
| | | 0.0031
| 0.0031
| 0.0031
| 2.4 |
0.5 | 1
| 15.2 |
0.06 | 0.09
| 0.07 |
| Nuclear | |
| | | 0.003
| 0.003 |
0.003 | 19.5
| 28.5 |
22 | 36.9
| 0.01 |
0.00 | 0.00
|
| Other | | |
| | 0.149
| 0.141 |
0.129 | 0
| 1 |
2 | 0.4
| 0.00 |
0.14 | 0.22
|
| Imports | |
| | | 0.149
| 0.141 |
0.129 | 0
| 2 |
1 | 0
| 0.00 |
0.28 | 0.06
|
| |
| | | |
| 100 |
100 | 100
| 100 |
19.103-24.032
| 14.74 |
13.42 |
| |
| | Carbon dioxide intensity (kg/MJ)
| 0.191-0.240*
| 0.147 |
0.134 |
*MOST LIKELY VALUE 0.199, WITH SHARES OF UK SUPPLY COAL 62%, OIL
15% AND GAS 1%.
Table 5.1 Assumed path of UK electricity mix CO2
intensity (path 1: linear trend from 199kg/GJ in 1990 to 134 kg/GJ
in 2003)
| Assumed path of UK carbon dioxide intensity for electricity generation, kg/MJ
|
| 1990 | 1991
| 1992 | 1993
| 1994 | 1995
| 1996 | 1997
| 1998 | 1999
| 2000 | 2001
| 2002 | 2003
|
| 0.199 | 0.194
| 0.189 | 0.184
| 0.179 | 0.174
| 0.169 | 0.164
| 0.159 | 0.154
| 0.149 | 0.144
| 0.139 | 0.134
|
Table 5.2 Assumed path of UK electricity mix CO2intensity
(path 2: linear trend from 199kg/GJ in 1990 to 147kg/GJ in 1995,
followed by a separate linear trend from 147kg/GJ in 1995 to 134kg/GJ
in 2003)
| Assumed path of UK carbon dioxide intensity for electricity generation, kg/MJ
|
| 1990 | 1991
| 1992 | 1993
| 1994 | 1995
| 1996 | 1997
| 1998 | 1999
| 2000 | 2001
| 2002 | 2003
|
| 0.199 | 0.189
| 0.178 | 0.168
| 0.157 | 0.147
| 0.145 | 0.144
| 0.142 | 0.141
| 0.139 | 0. 137
| 0.136 | 0.134
|
Table 6.1 Calculated CO2 values for UK end-use
sectors in Megatonnes CO2, 1990-2002 (path 1). Figures
shown in Graph B.1
| 1990
| 1991 |
1992 | 1993
| 1994 |
1995 | 1996
| 1997 |
1998 | 1999
| 2000 |
2001 | 2002
|
| Space heating | 64.9
| 75.6 |
73.1 | 75.5
| 71.2 |
67.2 | 81.5
| 71.4 |
75.7 | 74.5
| 75.3 |
79.5 | 76.1
|
| Hot water | 30.5
| 30.1 |
30.9 | 32.0
| 31.2 |
30.4 | 30.4
| 30.3 |
29.9 | 30.2
| 30.0 |
30.4 | 30.2
|
| Lights & Appliances | 45.5
| 45.7 |
44.4 | 43.7
| 43.0 |
42.2 | 41.4
| 40.6 |
39.8 | 38.9
| 38.0 |
37.1 | 36.3
|
| Cooking | 7.6
| 7.3 |
7.0 | 6.7
| 6.5 |
6.2 | 6.0
| 5.9 |
5.7 | 5.5
| 5.4 |
5.2 | 5.1
|
| Total | 148.4
| 158.8 |
155.3 | 158.0
| 151.9 |
146.1 | 159.3
| 148.2 |
151.1 | 149.1
| 148.7 |
152.2 | 147.6
|
| Climate Change Inventory | 152.9
| 150.5 |
148.1 | 145.6
| 143.2 |
140.8 | 141.6
| 142.4 |
143.2 | 144.0
| 144.8 |
145.6 | 146.4
|
Table 6.2 Calculated CO2 values for UK end-use
sectors in Megatonnes CO2, 1990 - 2002 (path 2). Figures
shown in Graph B.2
| 1990
| 1991 |
1992 | 1993
| 1994 |
1995 | 1996
| 1997 |
1998 | 1999
| 2000 |
2001 | 2002
|
| Space heating | 64.9
| 75.3 |
72.5 | 74.7
| 70.1 |
65.7 | 79.7
| 70.2 |
74.4 | 73.5
| 74.5 |
78.9 | 75.8
|
| Hot water | 30.5
| 29.9 |
30.4 | 31.2
| 30.2 |
29.2 | 29.4
| 29.4 |
29.2 | 29.6
| 29.5 |
30.0 | 30.0
|
| Lights & Appliances | 45.5
| 44.4 |
41.8 | 39.8
| 37.8 |
35.7 | 35.6
| 35.6 |
35.6 | 35.5
| 35.5 |
35.4 | 35.4
|
| Cooking | 7.6
| 7.2 |
6.7 | 6.3
| 5.9 |
5.5 | 5.4
| 5.3 |
5.3 | 5.2
| 5.1 |
5.0 | 5.0
|
| Total | 148.4
| 156.9 |
151.4 | 152.1
| 143.9 |
136.1 | 150.2
| 140.5 |
144.5 | 143.7
| 144.6 |
149.4 | 146.2
|
| Climate Change Inventory | 152.9
| 150.5 |
148.1 | 145.6
| 143.2 |
140.8 | 141.6
| 142.4 |
143.2 | 144.0
| 144.8 |
145.6 | 146.4
|
Table 7.1 Calculated CO2 values for UK end-use
sectors (1990 = 100) (path 1). Figures shown in Graph C.1
| 1990
| 1991 |
1992 | 1993
| 1994 |
1995 | 1996
| 1997 |
1998 | 1999
| 2000 |
2001 | 2002
|
| Space heating | 100.0
| 116.6 |
112.6 | 116.4
| 109.7 |
103.7 | 125.6
| 110.1 |
116.7 | 114.8
| 116.1 |
122.6 | 117.3
|
| Hot water | 100.0
| 98.6 |
101.1 | 105.0
| 102.3 |
99.6 | 99.7
| 99.1 |
98.1 | 98.9
| 98.2 |
99.4 | 98.8
|
| Lights & Appliances | 100.0
| 100.6 |
97.6 | 96.1
| 94.6 |
92.9 | 91.0
| 89.3 |
87.5 | 85.6
| 83.7 |
81.6 | 79.7
|
| Cooking | 100.0
| 97.2 |
92.2 | 88.7
| 85.5 |
82.7 | 80.1
| 77.7 |
75.4 | 73.1
| 71.0 |
68.9 | 66.9
|
| Total | 100.0
| 107.0 |
104.6 | 106.4
| 102.3 |
98.4 | 107.4
| 99.8 |
101.8 | 100.5
| 100.2 |
102.5 | 99.4
|
| Climate Change Inventory | 100.0
| 98.4 |
96.8 | 95.3
| 93.7 |
92.1 | 92.6
| 93.1 |
93.7 | 94.2
| 94.7 |
95.3 | 95.8
|
Table 7.2 Calculated CO2 values for UK end-use
sectors (1990 = 100) (path 2). Figures shown in Graph C.2
| 1990
| 1991 |
1992 | 1993
| 1994 |
1995 | 1996
| 1997 |
1998 | 1999
| 2000 |
2001 | 2002
|
| Space heating | 100.0
| 116.1 |
111.7 | 115.2
| 108.0 |
101.3 | 122.9
| 108.1 |
114.7 | 113.2
| 114.9 |
121.7 | 116.9
|
| Hot water | 100.0
| 97.9 |
99.6 | 102.4
| 98.9 |
95.6 | 96.4
| 96.4 |
95.6 | 96.8
| 96.6 |
98.3 | 98.3
|
| Lights & Appliances | 100.0
| 97.8 |
92.0 | 87.7
| 83.2 |
78.5 | 78.3
| 78.3 |
78.2 | 78.1
| 78.0 |
77.8 | 77.8
|
| Cooking | 100.0
| 95.1 |
88.2 | 82.9
| 77.9 |
73.3 | 71.9
| 70.8 |
69.6 | 68.6
| 67.6 |
66.6 | 65.8
|
| Total | 100.0
| 105.7 |
102.0 | 102.5
| 97.0 |
91.7 | 101.2
| 94.7 |
97.3 | 96.8
| 97.4 |
100.6 | 98.5
|
| Climate Change Inventory | 100.0
| 98.4 |
96.8 | 95.3
| 93.7 |
92.1 | 92.6
| 93.1 |
93.7 | 94.2
| 94.7 |
95.3 | 95.8
|
References:
[1] http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/inform/energy_consumption/table/table3_7.xls
July 2004.
[2] Conversion constant from http://www.eppo.go.th/ref/UNIT_OIL.html
[3] Michaelis, P, Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Systems,
CES Working paper 05/00, Report to the UK Royal Commission on
Environmental Pollution, 2000, ISSN 1464-8083
[4] Frischknecht, R, and Suter, P, Environmental Life Cycle
Inventories of Energy Systems, ETH Zurich and Paul Scherrer
Institute, Villigen 1996
[5] National Energy Foundation Website: http://www.natenergy.org.uk/oil-ch.htm
[6] From "The engineering toolbox" website;
Fuel gases-Heating values for natural gas and corresponding conversion
constants; http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/heating-values-fuel-gases-9_823.html
[7] DTI energy statistics-calorific values; http://dti.gov.uk/energy/inform/table_a1_a2.xls
[8] Defra, guidelines for company reporting on greenhouse
gas emissions, Annex 1 -fuel conversion factors; http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/envrp/gas/05.htm
[9] Digest of UK Energy Statistics (2004), Table
5.10, June 2005; http://dti.gov.uk/energy/inform/dukes/dukes2004/index.shtml
[10] http://www.vattenfall.com/files/responsibilities/lcaeng_03.pdf
; pp 6-7
[11] Digest of UK Energy Statistics (2004), Tables
5.1.1, 5.1.3, and 5.6. On the recommendation of Mike James of
ONS, Table 5.6 has been used for the 2003 figures; May 2005. http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/inform/dukes/dukes2004/index.shtml
[12] Review of the UK Climate Change Programme, Table
6 (Residential sector, expressed in MtC: convert to MtCO2
by multiplying by 44 and dividing by 12); http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/ukccp-review/ccpreview-consult.pdf
Annex 1
Graph A
Graph P
Graph B.1
Graph B.2
Graph C.1
FIGURE 8C.2
Annex 2
UK Domestic energy consumption by end-use
and fuel, 1990 to 2002 (ktoe) [1]
| SOLID FUEL
| 1990 |
1991 | 1992
| 1993 |
1994 | 1995
| 1996 |
1997 | 1998
| 1999 |
2000 | 2001
| 2002 |
| Space heating | 2643
| 3296 |
3040 | 3494
| 2885 |
2063 | 2223
| 1899 |
1778 | 1859
| 1498 |
1716 | 1309
|
| Hot water | 1511
| 1268 |
939 | 891
| 730 |
553 | 570
| 564 |
559 | 547
| 431 |
475 | 496
|
| Lights & Appliances | 0
| 0 |
0 | 0
| 0 |
0 | 0
| 0 |
0 | 0
| 0 |
0 | 0
|
| Cooking | 14
| 13 |
12 | 11
| 10 |
9 | 8
| 7 |
7 | 6
| 6 |
5 | 5
|
| Total | 4169
| 4577 |
3990 | 4396
| 3625 |
2625 | 2801
| 2470 |
2343 | 2412
| 1935 |
2197 | 1810
|
| GAS
| 1990 |
1991 | 1992
| 1993 |
1994 | 1995
| 1996 |
1997 | 1998
| 1999 |
2000 | 2001
| 2002 |
| Space heating | 17845
| 20381 |
19953 | 20728
| 19624 |
19088 | 23472
| 20696 |
21568 | 21793
| 22662 |
23514 | 23044
|
| Hot water | 7186
| 7563 |
7676 | 7780
| 7998 |
8225 | 8128
| 8302 |
8326 | 8292
| 8446 |
8415 | 8623
|
| Lights & Appliances | 1
| 2 |
2 | 2
| 2 |
2 | 2
| 2 |
2 | 2
| 3 |
3 | 3
|
| Cooking | 802
| 775 |
758 | 744
| 732 |
722 | 714
| 710 |
705 | 701
| 697 |
693 | 689
|
| Total | 25835
| 28721 |
28389 | 29254
| 28355 |
28037 | 32317
| 29710 |
30601 | 30788
| 31806 |
32625 | 32358
|
| ELECTRICITY
| 1990 |
1991 | 1992
| 1993 |
1994 | 1995
| 1996 |
1997 | 1998
| 1999 |
2000 | 2001
| 2002 |
| Space heating | 1057
| 1299 |
1276 | 1164
| 1218 |
1327 | 1777
| 1508 | 1788
| 1757 |
1816 | 2000
| 2028 |
| Hot water | 893
| 850 |
1039 | 1180
| 1152 |
1062 | 1019
| 969 | 1056
| 1108 |
1121 | 1185
| 1017 |
| Lights & Appliances | 5436
| 5608 |
5584 | 5651
| 5717 |
5774 | 5827
| 5889 | 5953
| 6013 |
6076 | 6133
| 6206 |
| Cooking | 679
| 679 |
655 | 644
| 634 |
627 | 621
| 616 | 611
| 607 |
603 | 600
| 597 |
| Total | 8066
| 8436 |
8555 | 8639
| 8721 |
8790 | 9244
| 8982 | 9408
| 9485 |
9617 | 9917
| 9848 |
| OIL
| 1990 |
1991 | 1992
| 1993 |
1994 | 1995
| 1996 |
1997 | 1998
| 1999 |
2000 | 2001
| 2002 |
| Space heating | 2018
| 2310 |
2247 | 2300
| 2362 |
2291 | 2592
| 2456 |
2832 | 2377
| 2447 |
2691 | 2504
|
| Hot water | 451
| 504 |
633 | 711
| 634 |
699 | 920
| 927 |
705 | 780
| 787 |
831 | 983
|
| Lights & Appliances | 0
| 0 |
0 | 0
| 0 |
0 | 0
| 0 |
0 | 0
| 0 |
0 | 0
|
| Cooking | 11
| 10 |
9 | 9
| 8 |
7 | 7
| 6 |
5 | 5
| 5 |
5 | 5
|
| Total | 2480
| 2825 |
2889 | 3019
| 3004 |
2997 | 3518
| 3389 |
3543 | 3162
| 3239 |
3527 | 3491
|
Total UK domestic energy consumption by end-use and
fuel (ktoe)
| 1990
| 1991 |
1992 | 1993
| 1994 |
1995 | 1996
| 1997 |
1998 | 1999
| 2000 |
2001 | 2002
|
| Space heating | 23563
| 27287 |
26515 | 27686
| 26089 |
24769 | 30063
| 26559 |
27966 | 27786
| 28423 |
29921 | 28884
|
| Hot water | 10042
| 10185 |
10287 | 10562
| 10514 |
10540 | 10638
| 10762 |
10646 | 10727
| 10786 |
10906 | 11119
|
| Lights & Appliances | 5438
| 5610 |
5586 | 5653
| 5719 |
5776 | 5830
| 5891 |
5955 | 6016
| 6079 |
6136 | 6209
|
| Cooking | 1507
| 1478 |
1435 | 1407
| 1384 |
1364 | 1350
| 1339 |
1328 | 1319
| 1310 |
1303 | 1296
|
| Total | 40550
| 44559 |
43823 | 45308
| 43705 |
42449 | 47880
| 44551 |
45895 | 45847
| 46597 |
48265 | 47508
|
116 Report commissioned by the Committee, and prepared
by Dr Phil Sinclair MA CertEd MSc PhD, of the University of Surrey. Back
| 
